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Child Well-being and Child Development

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Social Welfare Programs and Policies

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Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

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Inter and Intragenerational Mobility

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45

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

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54

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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38

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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38

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

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42

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Michigan Recession and Recovery Study (MRRS)

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55

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

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41

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Michigan Recession and Recovery Study (MRRS)

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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
55

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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '227' ;

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$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '227');

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '227');

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$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '225' ;

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$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '225');

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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


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publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '225');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '236' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '236' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '236' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '236');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


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keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '236');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '228' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '228' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '228' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '228');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '228');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '224' ;

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$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '224' ;

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$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '224' ;

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$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '224');

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<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


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keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '224');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '223' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '223' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '223');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '223');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '222' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '222' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '222' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '222');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '222');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '220' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '220' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '220' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '220');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '220');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '218' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '218' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '218' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '218');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '218');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '221' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '221' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '221' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '221');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '221');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '217' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '217' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '217' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '217');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '217');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '216' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '216' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '216' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '216');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '216');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '214' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '214' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '214' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '214');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '214');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '213' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '213' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '213' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '213');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Economic Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
35

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '213');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '212' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '212' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '212' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '212');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '212');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '209' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '209' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '209' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '209');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '209');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '208' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '208' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '208' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '208');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '208');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '207' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '207' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '207' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '207');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '207');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '206' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '206' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '206' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '206');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '206');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '205' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '205' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '205' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '205');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '205');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '215' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '215' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '215' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '215');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '215');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '204' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '204' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '204' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '204');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '204');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '203' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '203' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '203' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '203');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '203');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '202' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '202' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '202' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '202');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '202');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '201' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '201' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '201' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '201');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '201');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '200' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '200' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '200' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '200');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '200');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '199' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '199' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '199' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '199');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '199');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '198' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '198' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '198' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '198');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '198');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '197' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '197' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '197' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '197');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '197');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '196' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '196' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '196' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '196');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '196');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '195' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '195' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '195' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '195');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '195');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '194' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '194' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '194' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '194');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '194');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '193' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '193' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '193' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '193');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '193');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '192' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '192' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '192' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '192');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '192');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '191' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '191' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '191' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '191');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Financial Access and Services

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
40

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '191');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '190' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '190' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '190' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '190');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '190');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '189' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '189' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '189' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '189');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '189');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '188' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '188' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '188' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '188');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '188');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '187' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '187' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '187' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '187');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '187');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '186' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '186' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '186' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '186');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '186');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '185' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '185' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '185' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '185');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '185');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '184' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '184' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '184' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '184');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '184');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '183' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '183' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '183' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '183');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '183');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '182' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '182' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '182' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '182');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '182');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '181' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '181' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '181' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '181');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '181');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '180' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '180' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '180' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '180');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '180');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '179' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '179' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '179' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '179');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '179');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '178' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '178' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '178' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '178');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Financial Access and Services

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
40

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Inter and Intragenerational Mobility

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
45

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '178');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '177' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '177' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '177' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '177');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '177');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '176' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '176' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '176' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '176');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '176');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '175' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '175' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '175' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '175');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '175');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '174' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '174' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '174' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '174');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Financial Access and Services

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
40

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '174');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '172' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '172' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '172' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '172');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '172');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '171' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '171' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '171' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '171');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '171');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '170' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '170' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '170' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '170');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Economic Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
35

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '170');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '169' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '169' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '169' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '169');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Economic Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
35

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '169');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '168' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '168' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '168' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '168');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '168');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '167' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '167' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '167' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '167');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '167');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '166' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '166' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '166' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '166');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '166');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '165' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '165' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '165' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '165');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '165');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '164' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '164' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '164' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '164');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '164');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '163' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '163' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '163' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '163');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '163');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '162' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '162' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '162' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '162');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '162');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '161' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '161' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '161' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '161');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '161');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '160' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '160' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '160' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '160');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '160');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '159' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '159' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '159' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '159');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '159');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '158' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '158' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '158' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '158');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '158');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '157' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '157' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '157' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '157');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
33

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '157');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '156' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '156' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '156' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '156');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Rural Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
50

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '156');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '155' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '155' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '155' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '155');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '155');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '154' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '154' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '154' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '154');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '154');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '153' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '153' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '153' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '153');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '153');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '152' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '152' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '152' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '152');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '152');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '151' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '151' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '151' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '151');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
33

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '151');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '150' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '150' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '150' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '150');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '150');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '149' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '149' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '149' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '149');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '149');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '148' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '148' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '148' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '148');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '148');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '147' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '147' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '147' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '147');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '147');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '146' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '146' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '146' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '146');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
46

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '146');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '144' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '144' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '144' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '144');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '144');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '145' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '145' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '145' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '145');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '145');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '143' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '143' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '143' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '143');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
46

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '143');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '142' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '142' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '142' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '142');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '142');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '140' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '140' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '140' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '140');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '140');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '138' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '138' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '138' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '138');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '138');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '137' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '137' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '137' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '137');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Inter and Intragenerational Mobility

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
45

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '137');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '136' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '136' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '136' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '136');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
33

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '136');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '135' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '135' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '135' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '135');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '135');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '134' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '134' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '134' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '134');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '134');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '133' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '133' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '133' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '133');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '133');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '132' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '132' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '132' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '132');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '132');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '131' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '131' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '131' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '131');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '131');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '130' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '130' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '130' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '130');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '130');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '129' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '129' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '129' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '129');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '129');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '128' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '128' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '128' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '128');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Economic Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
35

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '128');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '127' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '127' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '127' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '127');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '127');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '126' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '126' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '126' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '126');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Rural Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
50

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '126');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '125' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '125' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '125' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '125');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '125');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '124' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '124' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '124' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '124');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
33

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '124');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '123' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '123' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '123' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '123');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '123');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '122' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '122' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '122' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '122');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '122');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '121' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '121' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '121' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '121');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Education and Training Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
37

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '121');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '120' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '120' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '120' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '120');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '120');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '119' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '119' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '119' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '119');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Economic Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
35

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '119');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '118' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '118' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '118' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '118');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '118');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '117' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '117' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '117' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '117');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '117');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '116' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '116' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '116' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '116');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '116');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '115' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '115' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '115' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '115');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '115');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '114' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '114' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '114' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '114');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '114');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '113' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '113' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '113' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '113');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '113');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '112' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '112' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '112' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '112');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '112');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '111' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '111' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '111' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '111');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '111');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '110' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '110' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '110' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '110');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '110');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '109' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '109' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '109' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '109');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '109');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '108' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '108' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '108' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '108');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '108');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '107' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '107' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '107' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '107');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '107');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '106' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '106' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '106' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '106');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '106');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '105' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '105' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '105' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '105');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '105');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '104' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '104' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '104' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '104');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '104');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '103' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '103' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '103' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '103');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '103');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '102' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '102' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '102' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '102');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '102');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '101' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '101' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '101' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '101');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '101');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '100' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '100' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '100' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '100');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '100');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '98' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '98' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '98' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '98');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '98');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '99' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '99' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '99' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '99');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Rural Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
50

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '99');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '96' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '96' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '96' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '96');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '96');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '95' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '95' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '95' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '95');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
46

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '95');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '94' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '94' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '94' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '94');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '94');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '93' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '93' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '93' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '93');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '93');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '92' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '92' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '92' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '92');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '92');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '91' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '91' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '91' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '91');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '91');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '90' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '90' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '90' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '90');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '90');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '89' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '89' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '89' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '89');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '89');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '88' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '88' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '88' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '88');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '88');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '87' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '87' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '87' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '87');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '87');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '84' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '84' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '84' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '84');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '84');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '86' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '86' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '86' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '86');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '86');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '85' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '85' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '85' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '85');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '85');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '83' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '83' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '83' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '83');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '83');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '82' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '82' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '82' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '82');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '82');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '81' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '81' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '81' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '81');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Inter and Intragenerational Mobility

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
45

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '81');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '80' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '80' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '80' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '80');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '80');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '79' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '79' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '79' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '79');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '79');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '78' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '78' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '78' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '78');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Housing

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
43

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '78');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '77' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '77' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '77' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '77');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '77');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '76' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '76' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '76' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '76');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '76');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '75' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '75' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '75' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '75');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '75');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '74' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '74' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '74' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '74');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '74');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '73' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '73' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '73' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '73');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '73');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '72' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '72' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '72' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '72');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '72');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '71' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '71' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '71' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '71');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '71');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '70' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '70' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '70' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '70');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Inter and Intragenerational Mobility

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
45

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '70');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '69' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '69' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '69' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '69');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '69');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '68' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '68' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '68' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '68');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '68');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '67' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '67' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '67' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '67');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '67');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '66' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '66' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '66' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '66');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '66');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '4' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '4' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '4' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '4');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '4');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '54' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '54' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '54' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '54');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '54');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '53' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '53' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '53' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '53');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '53');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '52' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '52' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '52' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '52');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '52');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '49' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '49' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '49' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '49');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '49');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '50' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '50' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '50' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '50');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '50');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '51' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '51' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '51' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '51');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '51');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '48' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '48' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '48' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '48');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
54

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '48');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '47' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '47' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '47' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '47');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '47');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '46' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '46' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '46' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '46');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '46');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '44' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '44' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '44' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '44');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Discrimination

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
34

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '44');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '43' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '43' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '43' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '43');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '43');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '42' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '42' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '42' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '42');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '42');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '40' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '40' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '40' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '40');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '40');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '41' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '41' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '41' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '41');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '41');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '39' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '39' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '39' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '39');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '39');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '38' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '38' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '38' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '38');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '38');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '37' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '37' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '37' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '37');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '37');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '45' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '45' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '45' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '45');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '45');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '36' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '36' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '36' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '36');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '36');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '35' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '35' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '35' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '35');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '35');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '34' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '34' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '34' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '34');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
39

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '34');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '33' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '33' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '33' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '33');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '33');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '32' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '32' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '32' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '32');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Immigration

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
44

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Race and Ethnicity

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
48

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '32');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '31' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '31' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '31' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '31');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '31');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '30' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '30' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '30' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '30');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '30');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '29' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '29' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '29' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '29');

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '29');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '28' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '28' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '28' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '28');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '28');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '27' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '27' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '27' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '27');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '27');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '26' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '26' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '26' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '26');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Research Methods

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
49

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '26');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '25' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '25' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '25' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '25');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '25');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '24' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '24' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '24' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '24');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '24');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '23' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '23' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '23' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '23');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Food Assistance Programs and Food Security

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
41

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '23');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '22' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '22' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '22' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '22');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Poverty Trends and Measurement

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
47

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Rural Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
50

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Urban Poverty

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
52

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '22');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '21' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '21' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '21' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '21');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '21');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '20' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '20' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '20' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '20');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '20');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '19' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '19' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '19' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '19');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Well-being and Child Development

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
31

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Educational Attainment

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
36

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '19');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '18' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '18' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '18' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '18');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Social Welfare Programs and Policies

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
51

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
53

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '18');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '17' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '17' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '17' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '17');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '17');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '16' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '16' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '16' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '16');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
33

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '16');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '15' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '15' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '15' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '15');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
42

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '15');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '14' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '14' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_media` WHERE `publication_id` = '14' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '14');

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Child Support

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
30

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
32

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword"] in query_publications_data() : 
Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market

-->


<!--

keywords_row["keyword_id"] in query_publications_data() : 
38

-->


<!--

publications_keywords_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM keywords where keyword_id = ANY (SELECT `keyword_id` FROM `publications_keywords` WHERE `publication_id` = '14');

-->


<!--

$publications_documents_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM `publications_documents` WHERE `publication_id` = '13' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_images_sql in query_publications_data(): 
 SELECT * FROM   `publications_images` WHERE `publication_id` = '13' ;

-->


<!--

$publications_media_sql in query_publications_data(): 
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Child Well-being and Child Development

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Research Methods

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Poverty Trends and Measurement

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
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            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-05-09
            [number] => 12
            [title] => The Welfare Reforms of the 1990s and the Stratification of Material Well-Being among Low-Income Households with Children
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan and Marci Ybarra, University of Chicago
            [co_authors] => 
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            [abstract] => We examine the incidence of material hardship experienced by low-income households with children, before and after the major changes to U.S. anti-poverty programs during the 1990s. We use the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine a series of measures of household material hardship that were collected in the years 1992, 1995, 1998, 2003 and 2005.� We stratify our sample to differentiate between the 1) deeply poor (&lt;50 percent of poverty), who saw a decline in public assistance over this period; and two groups that saw some forms of public assistance increase: 2) other poor households (50-99 percent of poverty), and 3) the near poor (100-150 percent of poverty). We report bivariate trends over the study period, as well as presenting multivariate difference-in-differences estimates. We find suggestive evidence that material hardship�in the form of difficulty meeting essential household expenses, and falling behind on utilities costs�has generally increased among the deeply poor but has remained roughly the same for the middle group (50-99 percent of poverty), and decreased among the near poor (100-150 percent of poverty). Multivariate difference-in-differences estimates suggest that these trends have resulted in intensified stratification in the material well-being of low-income households with children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:12:53
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
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            [date_added] => 2012-05-09
            [number] => 11
            [title] => The Continuum of Connection:  Low-income Families and Economic Support during the Great Recession
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kristin Seefeldt, Indiana University and Meredith Horowski, University of Michigan
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            [abstract] => Interest in the �disconnected,� that is, low-income families who appear to have no earnings and receive no welfare or other cash assistance, has been growing in recent years. Most research has focused on a narrowly defining and then counting and describing this group.� Yet, such a limited definition does not: 1) capture families who are�<em>inadequately�</em>connected to work or other sources of support; 2) provide insight about the circumstances leading to disconnection; 3) nor uncover the challenges families face in becoming and staying connected to sources of support, particularly during the economic downturn. In this paper we propose a new lens through which to examine �disconnectedness� that is a multi-dimensional continuum of connection to cash resources and other supports. We apply this continuum to qualitative data to illustrate the circumstances that lead to a spell of disconnection and the challenges in connecting to public programs.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:12:53
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            [publication_id] => 239
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-05-02
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Familial Financial Assistance to Young Adults
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Patrick Wightman and Robert Schoeni, University of Michigan and Keith Robinson, University of Texas at Austin
            [co_authors] => 
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            [abstract] => We use the Transition to Adulthood (TA) Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine current trends in financial and material assistance provided by parents to their college-age, young adult children. We also investigate the determinants of these transfers. We find that most young adults receive some form of assistance and that the average annual value of all transfers is substantial, roughly $7,500. We find large disparities by family SES, although we also find that as a share of total family income, the total value of all transfers is fairly consistent across the income distribution. We show that controlling for young peoples� college attendance, childhood cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics, family income is the most important predictor of both the receipt and value of parental assistance. We find some evidence that parents� perception of childhood behavior influences discretionary transfers, i.e. gifts and loans. Finally, we find some evidence that these trends were affected by the recession of 2007-2009.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-10 NPC Working Paper.pdf
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                        )

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                (
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                            [id] => 45
                            [keyword] => Inter and Intragenerational Mobility
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                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
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            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-03-16
            [number] => 9
            [title] => A Very Uneven Road: US Labor Markets in the Past 30 Years
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University and AIR
Marek Hlavac, Harvard University
            [co_authors] => 
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            [abstract] => In this paper we use data from the Current Population Surveys to summarize labor market trends in the U.S. over the past 30 years. First we focus on secular trends over the four years (and three cycles) that constitute labor market peaks during this period: 1979, 1989, 2000, and 2007. Then we consider peak-to-trough changes in employment outcomes for each of the four recessions that have occurred in this period, including the Great Recession. Overall we find great unevenness in labor market performance across cycles and across demographic groups. Inequality has widened dramatically and important structural changes have occurred. Women and/or more-educated workers have gained substantially relative to men and/or the less-educated, while high earners within each group gained relative to others.  The Great Recession has hurt all groups but especially young and less-educated men, whose outcomes had already deteriorated over time.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-09 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-09 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-09 Tables and Figures.xls
                            [document_type] => xls document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-09 Tables and Figures.xls'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [5] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 237
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-03-13
            [number] => 8
            [title] => Housing Assistance and Disconnection from Welfare and Work: Assessing the Impacts of Public Housing and Tenant-based Rental Subsidies
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Andrea Hetling, Rutgers
Hilary Botein, Baruch College
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The well-being of women who are disconnected from welfare and work are of growing concern to policymakers. One potentially critical source of support is housing assistance, as it subsidizes what is the largest fixed expense for most households. Using data from the 2001 and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and state-level variables from the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Database, this article examines how public housing residence and tenant-based rental assistance relate to disconnection. Results from multilevel logistic models show that the odds of being disconnected are higher for public housing residents and lower for women receiving tenant-based rental assistance in comparison to those with private housing. State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) rules with regard to housing assistance have no statistically significant effect on disconnection. Findings indicate that housing assistance policies should be considered in tandem with potential TANF policy changes aimed at disconnected families, and that public housing is a critical site for interventions.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-08-npc-working-paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-08-npc-working-paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 43
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [6] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 235
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-02-03
            [number] => 7
            [title] => The Role of Advertising in the Growth of the SNAP Caseload
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Michigan State University; Katie Fitzpatrick, Seattle University; Laura Tiehen, United States Department of Agriculture
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In 2004 the U.S. Department of Agriculture began a large-scale advertising campaign to increase participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) by increasing awareness about the program. Despite this and other large-scale outreach efforts for federal programs targeted at eligible nonparticipants, the role of information in program participation is not well established. Paying careful attention to the potential endogeneity of advertising placement, we use variation over time and within states to estimate the effect of the advertising on caseloads, applications, approved applications, and denied applications. We find that radio advertisements are positively correlated with county-level caseloads in a sample that represents nearly every U.S. county. Six months after radio advertising in a county, the number of individuals receiving SNAP is 2 to 3 percent higher. With a smaller sample of counties on SNAP applications, approvals, and denials, we find limited evidence that SNAP is positively correlated with overall applications. However, approved applications are not higher following radio advertisement exposure and denied applications increase. One way to reconcile the fact that caseloads are higher but new enrollments are not is that increased information from the advertising campaign may reduce exits from the program.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-07 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-07 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                )

        )

    [7] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 234
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-31
            [number] => 6
            [title] => Is a Bad Economy Good for Marriage? The Relationship between Macroeconomic Conditions and Marital Stability from 1998-2009
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kristen Harknett, University of Pennsylvania and Daniel Schneider, Princeton University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In the United States, the Great Recession has been marked by severe shocks to labor and housing markets. In this study, we combine longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) with administrative data on local area unemployment rates and state-level mortgage delinquency rates to examine the relationship between labor and housing market distress and marital dissolution among couples with children. Although the recession increased economic hardship in our sample, we find no evidence that these economic stresses accelerated or increased rates of marital dissolution. On the contrary, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the recession led some couples to delay or forego marital separation. This relationship was strongest in subgroups that were hardest hit by the recession: racial and ethnic minorities and those with low levels of educational attainment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-06 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-06 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [8] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 233
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-18
            [number] => 5
            [title] => Perceived Job Insecurity and Health: The Michigan Recession and Recovery Study
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sarah A. Burgard and Lucie Kalousova, University of Michigan and Kristin S. Seefeldt, Indiana University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We examined the association between perceived job insecurity and health with the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study, a sample representing working-aged adults in Southeast Michigan in late 2009/early 2010.  Employed respondents reported on perceived job insecurity (N = 442-443).  We used logistic regression to compare the health of participants who perceived that they were very or fairly likely to lose their job or be laid off in the next 12 months and those who reported that job loss was not too likely or that they were planning to leave the labor force.  Compared to secure workers, insecure workers were significantly more likely to meet criteria for major or minor depression (odds ratio [OR] = 7.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.12, 16.9) and to report a recent anxiety attack (OR = 3.52; CI = 1.47, 8.44), even after adjustment for their less advantaged sociodemographic characteristics, poorer prior health, and higher likelihood of recent unemployment.  Mental health consequences of the Great Recession may extend to workers who perceive job insecurity, even if they have avoided unemployment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-05 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-05 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 55
                            [keyword] => Michigan Recession and Recovery Study (MRRS)
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 55
                )

        )

    [9] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 232
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-18
            [number] => 4
            [title] => Low Income Families' Utilization of the Federal "Safety Net":  Individual and State-Level Predictors of TANF and Food Stamp Receipt
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kelly M. Purtell and Elizabeth T. Gershoff, University of Texas at Austin and J. Lawrence Aber, New York University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Two of the primary programs through which the federal government provides benefits to low income families are the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program and the Food Stamp program. However, many eligible low income families do not actually receive these benefits. We combined state-level policy data with rich data on a national sample of low income families to investigate family and state-level predictors of TANF and Food Stamp receipt. Our findings indicate: 1) families experiencing more economic hardship and health challenges are more likely to receive benefits, and 2) states' coverage is associated with families' receipt of TANF, but not Food Stamps. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-04 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-04 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [10] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 231
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-18
            [number] => 3
            [title] => Getting to Work:  Experimental Evidence on Job Search and Transportation Costs
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Phillips, Georgetown University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-03 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download '2012-04 NPC Working Paper.pdf'.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-03 NPC Working Paper.pdf">Download '2012-04 NPC Working Paper.pdf'.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In urban areas job vacancies often exist but poor, minority residents tend to be concentrated in neighborhoods with limited geographic access to these jobs. Using a randomized field experiment with public transit subsidies, I test whether this spatial mismatch of workers from jobs causes poor labor market outcomes. Randomly selected clients of a non-profit employment agency received a public transit subsidy to assist in applying to jobs and attending interviews with potential employers. I find evidence that the transit subsidies have a large, short-run effect in reducing unemployment durations with treatment causing the probability of finding employment within 40 days to increase by 9 percentage points, from 0.26 to 0.35. After 90 days, this difference narrows to a large but statistically insignificant 5 percentage points. I find weaker evidence that this decrease in unemployment duration results from more intense search behavior, with the transit subsidy group applying to more jobs and jobs further from home. To my knowledge, these results provide the first experimental confirmation that spatial mismatch of workers from jobs can cause adverse labor market outcomes for poor, urban individuals.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 49
                    [2] => 52
                )

        )

    [11] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 230
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-18
            [number] => 2
            [title] => Are Interstate Cases Still the 'Black Hole' of Child Support Enforcement?  Effects of the Uniform Interstate Enforcement Act
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Elizabeth T. Powers, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => So long as child support enforcement was entirely the legal domain of the states, it was nearly impossible to pursue claims across state lines, and interstate claims were characterized as the "black hole" of child support enforcement. The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) clarified lines of authority, opened state IV-D agencies and courts to interstate claimants, and invented powerful new tools for pursuing cross-state claims. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data spanning the reform era to assess the success of this policy. The potential endogeneity of interstate moves with the policy regime may bias conventional regression estimates. A conditional difference-in-difference matching estimator is implemented instead. The findings indicate greatly increased administrative enforcement activity for interstate cases subsequent to UIFSA. This activity increased formal support agreements and identified greater amounts of support owed. There is also evidence of increased interstate collections and a closing of the 'black hole'. Support collections increased especially for welfare-receiving households, but nonwhite households and households with nonmarital births do not appear to be helped by UIFSA.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2012-02 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2012-02 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [12] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 229
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2012-01-13
            [number] => 1
            [title] => The Great Recession�s Impact on African American Public Sector Employment
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => William M. Rodgers III, Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/williamworkingpaper.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/williamworkingpaper.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This study estimates the impact that the recession had on African Americans employed in the public sector. Micro data from the Displaced Worker Survey indicate that even after controlling for personal characteristics and local economic conditions, the difference in the probability of displacement between African American and white public sector respondents increased from zero to a recession gap of 2.8 percentage points, now equaling the private sector gap. The finding suggests that the formal rules that govern public sector layoff decisions ceased to generate race neutral displacement.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-05-09 09:09:22
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [13] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 219
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-12-08
            [number] => 23
            [title] => Housing Instability and Health:  Findings from the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sarah A. Burgard, University of Michigan, Kristin S. Seefeldt, Indiana University, and Sarah W. Johnson, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The recession of the late 2000s has increased interest in the consequences of housing instability. Previous research has shown poorer health among those experiencing housing instability, but extant studies generally have focused on selected populations (e.g., homeowners or renters) or studied only one type of housing instability (e.g. homelessness). Using new data from the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study, a population-based sample of working-aged adults from Southeastern Michigan in late 2009-early 2010, we found that about one-third of respondents recently experienced some type of housing instability. Many, but not all types of instability were associated with health. Even after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and earlier health, individuals who had moved for cost reasons in the past three years were more likely than those with no housing instability to report a recent anxiety attack, while those who experienced homelessness in the past year had a higher likelihood of reporting fair/poor self-rated health and of meeting criteria for major or minor depression. Renters who were behind on rental payments were more likely to meet criteria for depression, while mortgage-holders who were behind on their mortgage or in foreclosure had a higher likelihood of reporting fair/poor self-rated health or a recent anxiety attack. Among respondents who had ever owned a home, those who completed a foreclosure recently were more likely to report an anxiety attack. However, frequent moves were not associated with poorer health, and doubling up and eviction were not associated with poorer health after adjustment for characteristics that sort people into different housing instability experiences. Our findings suggest the importance of distinguishing different types of housing instability and using appropriate risk groups and comparison categories, as well as considering whether some individuals are experiencing a cascade of housing problems when studying links between discrete types of instability and health.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-23-npc-working-paper-revised-dec-2011.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-23 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 55
                            [keyword] => Michigan Recession and Recovery Study (MRRS)
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 43
                    [2] => 55
                )

        )

    [14] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 227
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-10-18
            [number] => 30
            [title] => Do Single Mothers in the United States use the Earned Income Tax Credit to Reduce Unsecured Debt?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer, Xiaoqing Song, and Trina R. Williams Shanks, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable credit for low-income workers that is mainly targeted at families with children. This study uses the Survey of Income and Program Participation�s (SIPP) topical modules on Assets & Liabilities to examine the effects of EITC expansions during the early 1990s on the unsecured debt of the households of single mothers.  We use two difference-in-differences comparisons over the study period 1988 to 1999, first comparing single mothers to single childless women, and then comparing single mothers with two or more children to single mothers with exactly one child. In both cases we find that the EITC expansions are associated with a relative decline in the unsecured debt of affected households of single mothers. This suggests that single mothers may have used part of their EITC to limit the growth of their unsecured debt during this period.

            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-30.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-30.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                )

        )

    [15] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 226
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-10-17
            [number] => 29
            [title] => Liquidity Constraints, Household Wealth, and Entrepreneurship Revisited
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, University of California � Santa Cruz and RAND, and Harry A. Krashinsky, University of Toronto
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => A large body research shows a positive relationship between wealth and entrepreneurship and interprets the relationship as providing evidence of liquidity constraints.  Recently, however, the liquidity constraint interpretation has been challenged because of the finding that the relationship between business entry rates and assets is flat throughout most of the asset distribution and only rises dramatically after this point (Hurst and Lusardi 2004).  We reexamine the liquidity constraint hypothesis in three ways. First, we demonstrate that examining the relationship separately for those who experience a job loss and those who do not reveals generally increasing entry rates through the wealth distribution for both groups.  Based on the entrepreneurial choice model of Evans and Jovanovic (1989), these two groups face different incentives, and thus have different solutions to the entrepreneurial decision.  We also find evidence of a stronger relationship between entrepreneurship and a different measure of wealth � net housing equity � for the two groups.  Second, we examine the liquidity constraint hypothesis using a two-period simulation model that extends the Evans and Jovanovic (1989) model.  The model shows how exogenous wealth shocks can be used to accurately identify the presence of liquidity constraints even allowing for endogenous saving and correlated abilities.  Third, we provide new evidence from matched Current Population Survey (1993-2004) data to study whether changes in housing prices affect self-employment entry.  We find that housing appreciation measured at the MSA-level is a significantly positive determinant of entry into self-employment after controlling for changes in local economic conditions and other factors.  Our estimates indicate that a 10 percent annual increase in housing equity increases the mean probability of entrepreneurship by 17 percent and that the effect is not concentrated at the upper tail of the distribution.  These estimates are not sensitive to controlling for pre-existing trends in housing prices suggesting that the results are not being driven by expected local economic growth.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-29.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-29.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 43
                )

        )

    [16] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 225
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-10-17
            [number] => 28
            [title] => Participation in Unemployment Insurance:  Differences in Application Rates and Receipt among Applicants by Education and Race and Ethnicity
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Alix Gould-Werth and H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
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                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this paper we examine patterned variation by educational attainment and race and ethnicity in rates of application for UI and receipt of UI benefits among applicants. We use the Current Population Survey (CPS) March 2005 UI non-filers supplement to examine UI application and participation rates of unemployed workers, stratifying the sample by educational attainment and race and ethnicity. We find that unemployed workers without a high school diploma are far less likely both to apply for and to receive UI, conditional on application, than their college-educated counterparts. Differences in rates of UI application and receipt by applicants among workers with a high school degree or more are less pronounced. Interestingly, however, we find statistically significant differences across education levels in the reasons cited by non-filers for their failure to apply. Our bivariate estimates suggest both Black and Hispanic unemployed workers are less likely to apply for UI, and applicants are less likely to receive benefits, when compared to non-Hispanic White individuals. In our multivariate estimates, though, the disparities by race and ethnicity are sensitive to the inclusion of other characteristics. The only consistent association we identify is that Hispanic UI applicants are less likely to receive UI that non-Hispanic applicants.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
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                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-28.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-28.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

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                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
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            [publication_id] => 236
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-10-03
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Does Failing a Placement Exam Discourage Underprepared Students from Going to College?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paco Martorell, RAND, Isaac McFarlin Jr., University of Michigan, and Yu Xue, University of Texas - Dallas
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
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                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-14.pdf">Download 'working_paper11-14.pdf'.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => About one-third of college students are required to take remedial courses to redress the lack of preparation for college-level coursework. Assignment to remediation is generally made on the basis of a placement test score, and in some states students are required to take a placement test prior to enrolling in college-level courses. In this type of setting, assignment to remediation may have the unintended effect of dissuading students from actually going to college. This is because remedial courses typically do not count towards a college degree, so remediation increases the cost of college by increasing the time required to complete a degree. Furthermore, being identified as in need of remediation could directly affect enrollment rates via stigma effects or by providing students with information about their unsuitability for college. This paper examines this issue empirically using administrative data from the state of Texas. Using regression discontinuity methods, we find that students whose placement exam scores would require them to be in remediation are no less likely to enroll in college than are those scoring just above the remediation placement cutoff.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 14:47:34
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 37
                )

        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 228
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-10-01
            [number] => 31
            [title] => Creating Effective Education and Workforce Policies for Metropolitan Labor Markets in the U.S.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => How well do our education policies prepare America�s youth for the labor market? What challenges limit our success, and what opportunities do we have for improvements? Can public policy play a greater role in encouraging more success? I consider these questions as they apply to the unique characteristics of metropolitan areas in the U.S.  Most labor markets are metropolitan in nature, with workers commuting across central-city and suburban municipalities to jobs wherever they are located.  In most metro areas, jobs (especially those paying higher wages) and different groups of residents are distributed unevenly; white and minority residents and those with higher and lower incomes are often quite highly segregated from each other residentially.  These characteristics of metro areas should be taken into account as we consider what kinds of education and workforce policies and reforms to implement.
 
This paper begins with a brief overview of the future U.S. labor market, including a review of trends in the demand for labor.  In particular, I consider demand for both middle- and high-skill jobs, where the former are defined as those requiring some postsecondary education or training (broadly defined) beyond a high school diploma but less than a bachelor�s degree, and the latter are defined as those requiring a bachelor�s or higher.  I then review the challenges limiting so many young Americans as they prepare for the labor market, as well as what we know about programs and policies that might improve observed outcomes.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-31 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-31 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
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                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 37
                    [1] => 38
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            [publication_id] => 224
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-09-19
            [number] => 27
            [title] => Re-examining the Impact of Dropping out on Criminal and Labor Outcomes in Early Adulthood
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Bjerk, Claremont McKenna College
            [co_authors] => 
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-27-NPC-Working-Paper.pdf">Download '2011-27 NPC Working Paper.pdf'</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper shows that while high school dropouts fare far worse on average   than otherwise similar high school completers in early adulthood   outcomes such as success in the labor market and future criminal   activity, there are important differences within this group of dropouts.   Notably, those who feel "pulled" out of school (i.e, they say they   dropped out of school to work or take care of family) do similarly with   respect to labor market and criminal outcomes in their early twenties to individuals with similar predropout characteristics who complete high   school. It is only those who feel they are more "pushed" out of school (i.e, they say they drop out for other reasons including expulsion, poor grades, moving, and not liking school) who do substantially worse than   otherwise similar high school completers. These results suggest that any   detrimental impacts from dropping out of school arise primarily when   the drop out does not have a plan for how to use his time after dropping out.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 54
                )

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            [publication_id] => 223
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-09-13
            [number] => 26
            [title] => Women�s Multipartnered Fertility and the Criminal Justice System
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Eirik Evenhouse and Siobh�n Reilly, Mills College
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-26-NPC-Working-Paper.pdf
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-26-NPC-Working-Paper.pdf">Download '2011-26 NPC Working Paper.pdf'</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper explores the relationship between two phenomena that have emerged in the United States:  high rates of multipartnered fertility among women and high rates of male involvement with the criminal justice system.  We draw our data on mothers from a large, nationally representative survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), and use 12 separate SIPP panels spanning the 23-year period 1985-2008.  Our proxy for male involvement with the criminal justice system is the metropolitan-level arrest rate, computed from FBI Uniform Crime Reports going back to 1980.  Controlling for a variety of maternal, state, and metropolitan characteristics, we find a positive correlation between the lagged arrest rate in a mother�s city and the probability that she has children by more than one man.  Our estimates of women�s MPF are the first and only ones to be based upon a large, nationally representative sample.

            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [21] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 222
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-09-06
            [number] => 25
            [title] => Making Ends Meet After Prison: How Former Prisoners Use Employment, Social Support, Public Benefits, and Crime to Meet their Basic Material Needs
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David J. Harding, Jessica J.B. Wyse, Cheyney Dobson, and Jeffrey D. Morenoff, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-25-NPC-Working-Paper.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download '2011-25 NPC Working Paper.pdf'
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-25-NPC-Working-Paper.pdf">Download '2011-25 NPC Working Paper.pdf'</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Former prisoners are at high risk of economic insecurity due to the challenges they face in finding employment and to the difficulties of securing and maintaining public assistance while incarcerated. This study examines the processes through which former prisoners attain economic security, examining how they meet basic material needs and achieve upward mobility over time. It draws on unique qualitative data from in-depth, unstructured interviews with a sample of former prisoners followed over a two to three year period to assess how subjects draw upon a combination of employment, social supports, and public benefits to make ends meet. Findings reveal considerable struggle to meet even minimal needs for shelter and food, although economic security and stability can be attained when employment or public benefits are coupled with familial social support. Sustained economic security was rarely achieved absent either strong social support or access to long-term public benefits. However, a select few subjects were able to leverage material support and social networks provided by family and partners into trajectories of upward mobility and economic independence. Implications for the wellbeing of former prisoners and their families are discussed.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 220
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-08-08
            [number] => 24
            [title] => Youth Early Employment and Behavior Problems:  Human Capital and Social Network Pathways to Adulthood
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Wei-Jun Jean Yeung, National University of Singapore and University of Michigan and Emily Rauscher, New York University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => With unemployment at a long-time high, youth employment opportunities are dire.  This paper draws data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between youth employment and behavior problems.  We depict the employment patterns of American youth aged 12 through 18 and find significant differences in employment rates and job characteristics between black and white youth. Conflicting hypotheses about mediating mechanisms through which youth employment shape children�s behavior are examined.  We find that employment is associated with fewer behavior problems, but only when the jobs offer opportunities for human capital development and only when working moderate hours.  Employment has a stronger impact on black than on white youth and the positive effect of work is mediated by positive peer influence. Findings support social and human capital theories and, more broadly, the social network/role model explanation for adolescent behavior.  Implications in light of the current recession are discussed.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-24 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-24 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 218
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-07-08
            [number] => 22
            [title] => Intergenerational Stratification, Child Development and the Black-White Achievement Gap
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Wei-Jun Jean Yeung, National University of Singapore, Caroline Hodges Persell and Michael Chavez Reilly, New York University
 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper combines theories of racial stratification with insights from developmental psychology to test hypotheses about how disparities in family, neighborhoods, schools, and peers explain the black-white test score gap among children of different ages.  We focus on the previously unexplained gap among older children by adding multi-generational resources and out-of-home contexts data from the PSID, Census, and Common Core data.  We found that differential resources available to black and white grandparents affect parental neighborhoods, mother�s cognitive skills, parental socioeconomic status and parenting behavior.  These early disparities lead to black children having lower cognitive skills before school starts which have cumulative long-term implications for their achievement trajectories.  Grandparent resources, neighborhoods, schools, and peers become more prominent determinants in the middle and high school years.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-22 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-22 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
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                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [24] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 221
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-06-10
            [number] => 21
            [title] => Family Finances after the Great Recession � Evidence from the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ngina Chiteji, Skidmore College and Sheldon Danziger, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => /publications/u/2011-21-npc-working-paper.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="/publications/u/2011-21-npc-working-paper.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => While much attention has been focused on rising unemployment and falling earnings and income, less attention has been paid to household wealth, assets, and debts of families in the aftermath the Great Recession.  An understanding of household balance sheets is important because this recession was also accompanied by a financial crisis, with large drops in stock market and housing prices. This research brief summarizes data on the assets and debts of a stratified, random sample of 914 adults between the ages of 19 and 64 who resided in the Detroit Metropolitan Area and were interviewed between October 2009 and March 2010 in the first wave of the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study . 
 
The mean of total assets for all respondents (including those with no assets) is $195,746, with a median of $108,270.  Because the distribution of asset ownership is skewed, with a small proportion of respondents having very high asset levels, the median is much lower than the mean. About 31 percent of respondents have a debt-to-asset ratio greater than 1, indicating that the total value of their debts exceeds the value of their assets.  That is, they could not pay off all their debts even if they liquidated all of their assets, including their homes. About 48 percent of African Americans have zero or negative net worth, compared to 28 percent of non-black respondents. Median net worth (assets less debts) is $22,858 for all respondents, $1,434 for African-Americans and $33,311 for non-blacks.
 
Many respondents had difficulty paying their bills--26 percent  of  renters were late paying rent in the year prior to the interview, 10.2 percent of homeowners had fallen behind on their mortgage, and 14 percent of respondents were late making paying medical bills. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

    [25] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 217
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-06-08
            [number] => 20
            [title] => Poverty among U.S.- and Foreign-Born Asian and Hispanic Adults:  A Comparison across �Fractionalized� Immigrant Generations
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marie T. Mora, The University of Texas � Pan American
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using public-use data from the 2009 American Community Survey, this study analyzes poverty rates among Hispanic and Asian adults while considering �fractionalized� immigrant generations:  Generation 1.75 (those who migrated to the U.S. before the age of six), Generation 1.5 (those who migrated at between the ages of 6-18 and acquired some of their primary or secondary education in the U.S.), and Generation 1.0 (those who migrated after completing all of their primary and secondary education abroad).  Consistent with other studies on immigrant/native poverty differentials, first generation immigrants in both groups were significantly more likely to be impoverished than U.S.  natives.  However, Generation 1.75, and to a lesser extent, Generation 1.5 Hispanic adults had significantly lower poverty rates than their U.S.-born counterparts, while Generation 1.75 and 1.5 Asian adults had similar poverty rates as U.S.-born Asians.  Differences in socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic characteristics do not fully explain these differences.  Such findings indicate that poverty-reduction policies might be more effective if they go beyond considering broad classifications of race/ethnicity and birthplace, incorporating at a minimum the timing of migration among foreign-born in their lifecycles.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-20_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-20_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

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        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 216
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-06-08
            [number] => 19
            [title] => An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Anti-Poverty Programs in the United States
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Yonatan Ben-Shalom, Mathematica Policy Research
Robert Moffitt, Johns Hopkins University
John Karl Scholz, University of Wisconsin--Madison
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We assess the effectiveness of means-tested and social insurance programs in the United States. We show that per capita expenditures on these programs as a whole have grown over time but expenditures on some programs have declined. The benefit system in the U.S. has a major impact on poverty rates, reducing the percent poor in 2004 from 29 percent to 13.5 percent, estimates which are robust to different measures of the poverty line. We find that, while there are significant behavioral side effects of many programs, their aggregate impact is very small and does not affect the magnitude of the aggregate poverty impact of the system. The system reduces poverty the most for the disabled and the elderly and least for several groups among the non-elderly and non-disabled. Over time, we find that expenditures have shifted toward the disabled and the elderly, and away from those with the lowest incomes and toward those with higher incomes, with the consequence that post-transfer rates of deep poverty for some groups have increased. We conclude that the U.S. benefit system is paternalistic and tilted toward the support of the employed and toward groups with special needs and perceived deservingness.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-19_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-19_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

        )

    [27] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 214
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-05-08
            [number] => 18
            [title] => The Effects of Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on the Material Hardship of Low-Income Families with Children
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer and Italo Gutierrez, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This study examines the effects of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance

Program (SNAP) on measures of the material hardship of low-income families with children, beyond food insecurity. Using the 1996-2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we utilize a bivariate probit approach that exploits variation in states� SNAP eligibility policies over time as instruments to identify the treatment effects of interest. In our main models, we use changes in state recertification period lengths and use of biometric requirements as instruments. We also report on models that use state-year SNAP take-up rates as an instrument. We find a statistically significant and substantively large negative relationship between SNAP participation and both food insecurity and the ability of families to pay essential household expenses, particularly, housing expenses. We find some, although not conclusive, evidence that SNAP decreases the probability that families will fall behind in their utility costs.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-18-npc-working-paper-revised.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-18 NPC Working Paper Revised'.
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [28] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 213
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-05-08
            [number] => 17
            [title] => Entrepreneurship, Economic Conditions, and the Great Recession
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, University of California and RAND
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The �Great Recession� resulted in many business closings and foreclosures, but what effect did it have on business formation? On the one hand, recessions decrease potential business income and wealth, but on the other hand they restrict opportunities in the wage/salary sector leaving the net effect on entrepreneurship ambiguous. The most up-to-date microdata available -- the 1996 to 2009 Current Population Survey (CPS) -- are used to conduct a detailed analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurship at the individual level to shed light on this question. Regression estimates indicate that local labor market conditions are a major determinant of entrepreneurship. Higher local unemployment rates are found to increase the probability that individuals start businesses. Home ownership and local home values for home owners are also found to have positive effects on business creation, but these effects are noticeably smaller. Additional regression estimates indicate that individuals who are initially not employed respond more to high local unemployment rates by starting businesses than wage/salary workers. The results point to a consistent picture � the positive influences of slack labor markets outweigh the negative influences resulting in higher levels of business creation. Using the regression estimates for the local unemployment rate effects, I find that the predicted trend in entrepreneurship rates tracks the actual upward trend in entrepreneurship extremely well in the Great Recession.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-17_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-17_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 35
                            [keyword] => Economic Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 35
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [29] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 212
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-05-08
            [number] => 16
            [title] => The Geography of Exclusion:  Race, Segregation, and Concentrated Poverty
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel T. Lichter, Cornell University, Domenico Parisi and Michael C. Taquino, Mississippi State University 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The late 2000s Great Recession has refocused the nation�s attention on poverty, racial and ethnic inequality, and spatial disparities in income.  This paper uses newly-released place and county poverty estimates from the 2005-2009 American Community Survey, along with estimates from the 1990 and 2000 decennial census summary files, to provide post-2000 estimates of concentrated poverty in metro and nonmetro areas. We document a 25 percent increase in the number of poor places during the post-2000 period (and growing shares of poor people living in them) after deep and widespread declines in concentrated poverty during the economic boom of the 1990s.  Not only are America�s poor likely to be living in poor areas, but the post-2000 period ushered in a new pattern of spatial (and social) isolation of America�s poor.  Patterns of class and racial segregation were distinct but overlapping phenomena.  Poor minorities�both in metro and nonmetro areas�are highly ghettoized spatially at the macro-scale level (across communities and counties).  Rural blacks, in particular, are especially likely to be concentrated in poor places and counties.   Previous studies of concentrated poverty, which have focused largely on inner-city neighborhoods, may be missing an important spatial dimension of growing poverty and racial inequality during the 2000s.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-16 NPC Working Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-16 NPC Working Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [30] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 209
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-27
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Economic Instability Trends and Levels across Household Surveys
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Scott Winship, The Pew Charitable Trusts
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Understanding trends in economic instability is vital if economic and social policies aimed at mitigating economic risk are to be effective.  Despite the popular perception that economic instability has been rising�and a research literature that often support this perception�recent studies have cast doubt on the conventional wisdom.  At the same time, previous research that has used disparate measures, datasets, and methodological choices provides little guidance to account for different findings across studies.  This report addresses this problem by estimating comparable trends in economic instability across three of the most-used household surveys�the SIPP, CPS, and PSID.  I find that comparing estimates depends crucially on how imputed income components are addressed.  The SIPP indicates that economic instability has not changed much over 40 years.  The PSID results mirror those of the SIPP for male and female earnings but show a small increase in the instability of household incomes.  The CPS tends to show increases in instability, which become modest after excluding incomes dominated by imputation.  However, features of the SIPP�along with the results of my analyses�give reason to believe that the SIPP estimates are the most valid of the three surveys.  The results call into question the concept of a "Great Risk Shift" in general and the validity of the recently developed Rockefeller Economic Security Index in particular. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-13.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-13.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 49
                )

        )

    [31] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 208
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-27
            [number] => 12
            [title] => The Effect of Unemployment on Household Composition and Doubling Up
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Emily E. Wiemers, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Doubling up with family and friends is one way in which individuals and families can cope with job loss but there is little work on how prevalent this form of resource sharing is and to what extent families use co-residence to weather a spell of unemployment.  This project uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to provide some of the first evidence on the relationship between household composition and unemployment across working ages. I show that households with at least one unemployed person are fifty percent more likely to be doubled up than households in which no one is unemployed.  Using the transitions in living arrangements and employment status in the SIPP panels, I find that individuals who become unemployed are twice as likely to move in with others but that they are 25 percent less likely to have others move in with them. I further show that young adults are the most likely to move in with others when they become unemployed but that middle aged adults also seem to use co-residence as a way to weather spells of unemployment.  Moving into shared living arrangements in response to unemployment is not evenly spread across SES; it is most prevalent among the lowest and highest SES individuals.   The issue of how families change household composition to weather bad economic times is especially relevant as unemployment rates remain historically high. Because family composition interacts in important ways with benefit receipt, understanding how families alter living arrangements to respond to bad economic conditions has important implications for the effectiveness of programs designed to alleviate poverty.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-12.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-12.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [32] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 207
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-27
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Veteran Status and Material Hardship: The Moderating Influence of Disability
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Colleen M. Heflin, University of Missouri-Columbia,  Janet M. Wilmoth, Syracuse University, and Andrew S. London, Syracuse University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Veterans are a sizeable and policy-relevant demographic group in the United States, yet very little is known about their economic well-being.  While having a work-limiting disability is known to be associated with material hardship, no study of which we are aware has focused on experiences of material hardship among veteran households in contrast to comparable nonveteran households, or on whether work-limiting disability moderates the association between veteran status and material hardship.  We use the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine variation in the likelihood of household material hardship by veteran and disability statuses.  Results indicate that: non-disabled veteran households report lower or equivalent levels of material hardship than households with no veteran or person with disability; households that include a person with a disability, regardless of whether a veteran is present, have higher levels of every type of hardship; and disabled veteran households experience significantly more hardship than non-disabled veteran households.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-11.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-11.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [33] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 206
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-27
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Work-related Disability, Veteran Status, and Poverty:  Implications for Family Well-being
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Andrew S. London, Syracuse University , Colleen M. Heflin, University of Missouri-Columbia, and Janet M. Wilmoth, Syracuse University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We examine the interrelationships between work-related disability, veteran, and poverty statuses using data from the 1992-2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation.  We find that households with non-disabled veterans present have a lower likelihood of poverty, but that advantage is severely eroded when the veteran or another family member has a work-limiting disability.  Nevertheless, all veteran households have substantially lower odds of poverty than disabled nonveteran households, which have the highest poverty rate (32.53%). Veteran and disability statuses interact at the household level in ways that contribute to substantial variability in household-level poverty, which has implications for all household members.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-10.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-10.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [34] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 205
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-26
            [number] => 9
            [title] => The Black-White Gaps in Earning Profiles: Recent Cohort Trends in the United States
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lingxin Hao, Johns Hopkins University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper adds the person-year layer to the conventional cohort trend analysis and examines the black-white gap in the growth factors of individual earning profiles over the same young adult stage across 18 birth cohorts.  Rather than annual earnings, we use cumulated earnings for its useful properties.  An unprecedented data opportunity enables the pursuit of our purpose.  Using multi-level latent growth modeling with random growth factors we provide three major findings.  First, the trend analysis of the racial gap in growth factors provides much richer information on the timing and duration of racial discrimination responsible for the unfolding racial earning gap over the ages 26-35.  Second, the effects of race on the growth factors for men exhibit no significant change, resulting in an overall picture of the persistent racial earning gap.  In contrast, the effects of race show significant changes for women, resulting in an overall picture of closed racial earning gap. Third, the much greater percentage changes in race effects for women than for men suggest that efforts to reduce racial discrimination must be large enough to make an impact on the racial earning gap.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-09.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-09.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [35] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 215
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-04-08
            [number] => 15
            [title] => Gendered Rehabilitation: Targeting Treatment of Reproducing Inequality?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jessica JB Wyse, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-15_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf   
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-15_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf   ">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Gender theorists have argued that gender neutral policy and bureaucratic practices disadvantage women because neutrality masks a male bias. In response, some have suggested that policy and practice should be tailored to meet gender-specific needs. Yet others have argued that targeting treatment to gender categories simply reifies these categories and reinforces existing gender inequality. This study investigates these tensions by examining gender specific treatment implemented within a community correctional system. Based on analysis of officers� case notes and fieldwork with community corrections agents, the author finds that gendered treatment shapes both the rehabilitative project and the nature of social control experienced by women and men. The author suggests that officers conceptualize men and women�s criminality and rehabilitation in ways that reinforce gendered beliefs or symbolic associations of masculinity with greater status, competence and power and femininity with dependency, powerlessness and psychological disorder. However, because greater responsibility or agency for one�s criminal offending may lead to more punitive treatment, men are in some ways materially disadvantaged by this association. Thus the author suggests that gender specific treatment in the correctional context may have positive material but negative symbolic consequences for women, with the situation reversed for men.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2011-15_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download '2011-15_NPC_Working_Paper.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 34
                )

        )

    [36] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 204
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 8
            [title] => WIC Participation by Children who Participate as Infants:  The Roles of (Re-)Certification and Changes in Family Composition
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Christopher A. Swann, University of North Carolina - Greensboro
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => WIC participation among eligible children is significantly lower than participation among infants. This paper explores possible explanations for the decline in participation including the need for recertification and changes in family composition. Discrete time hazard rate models are used to study the timing of exit from the WIC program for children who participate as infants. The models are estimated using the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation. The results suggest that the risk of exit from the WIC program is higher in recertification months than other months and for families with more children  in  the  age  range  for  WIC  eligibility.  Additionally,  comparisons  to  results obtained from the 2001 SIPP suggest that changes in the interviewing methodology introduced in the 2004 SIPP reduced the magnitude of seam bias in WIC spells.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-08.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-08.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [37] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 203
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 7
            [title] => Parental Income and Children's Well-being and Future Success:  An Analysis of the SIPP matched to SSA Earnings Data
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => A vast literature in the social sciences has studied the association between parental income and children's outcomes to establish the importance of parental economic resources on children's well being.  One limitation of nearly all of these studies is the lack of availability of parental earnings histories over long periods of time for a very large and representative sample of families in the US. It is well established that the bias in using single year measures of parental income to proxy for long-run income can be sizable and can vary by parental age (Solon, 1992; Mazumder, 2005; Haider and Solon, 2006).  Similarly, few studies have been able to distinguish the relative importance of parental income obtained in specific periods of the life course of the child. A growing literature has shown that there are critical periods in childhood development where material resources may be especially valuable (e.g. Cunha and Heckman, 2007, Almond and Currie, 2010). This paper addresses these issues by assembling a rich intergenerational dataset containing measures of parental income taken over many years and at various points of the life course of the child.
 
An even bigger challenge is to convincingly demonstrate that the statistical associations between parental income and children's outcomes truly reflect causal processes and are therefore amenable to policy interventions. This paper like most of the preceding literature settles for providing descriptive estimates that may nonetheless prove informative for future research and provide a better backdrop for policy discussions. Improving our understanding of the true association between parental resources and children's outcomes may still be useful until we are able to obtain convincing estimates of causal effects.  For example, larger estimates for particular outcomes or at particular stages of the lifecycle may provide important suggestive results. 
 
In order to construct an intergenerational sample I pool families from the 1984, 1990-1993, 1996, 2001 and 2004 SIPP panels. Each of these SIPP samples were matched to earnings histories contained in SSA administrative earning records. I use the administrative data to construct long-term time averages of parents' earnings.  There are two distinct parts of the analysis. In the first part, I use these time averages of parent earnings to estimate the association between parent income and childhood well-being. I use SIPP topical modules on Children's Well-Being, Functional Limitations and Disability, Health Status and Utilization of Health Care and Extended Measures of Well Being to obtain a broad set of measures related to childhood health and well-being. In the second part of the analysis, the earnings of the children as adults are the main focus of the analysis and I show the extent to which the importance of parent income differs over the life-cycle of the child.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [38] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 202
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 6
            [title] => Long-Run Earnings Volatility and Health Insurance Coverage:  Evidence from the SIPP Gold Standard File
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Matthew S. Rutledge, Boston College
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Despite the notable increase in earnings volatility and the attention paid to the growing ranks of the uninsured, the relationship between career earnings and short- and medium- run health insurance status has been ignored due to a lack of data.  I use a new dataset, the SIPP Gold Standard File, that merges health insurance status and demographics from the Survey of Income and Program Participation with career earnings records from the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to examine the relationship between long-run family earnings volatility and health insurance coverage. I find that more volatile career earnings are associated with an increased probability of experiencing an uninsured episode, with larger effects for men, young workers, and the unmarried.  These findings are consistent with the "scarring" literature, and suggest the importance of safety-net measures for job losses and health insurance coverage.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-06.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-06.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [39] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 201
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 5
            [title] => Recessions and the Annual Labor Market Earnings of Vulnerable Workers:  New Evidence using Longitudinal Administrative Earnings Data
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Little is known about how recessions impact the labor market earnings of specific groups of vulnerable workers, particularly low-educated workers and minorities. Focusing on the recession of 1990-1991, this study seeks to identify the extent of earnings losses associated with this recession, and the extent and speed at which the earnings of vulnerable workers recovered following the recession, relative to more advantaged comparison groups. Data are drawn from the U.S. Census Bureau�s Gold Standard restricted-use dataset, which links observations from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) with longitudinal labor market earnings from the Social Security Administration. Examining a fixed sample of adult workers for the period 1987-1999, I find that low-educated workers saw substantial declines in annual earnings relative to high-educated workers during recession years. While the full study frame was marked by declines in relative earnings for low-educated workers, losses were particularly severe during the recession years. After controlling for education, there is no clear evidence that minorities are differentially impacted by recessions relative to non-Hispanic whites.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-05.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-05.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [40] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 200
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 4
            [title] => Divorce and Women�s Risk of Health Insurance Loss in the U.S
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bridget J. Lavelle and Pamela J. Smock, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Past research on the economic consequences of divorce for women has focused on changes in financial resources. This paper examines the impact of divorce on another important resource: health insurance coverage. Using fixed-effects models to account for selection of more disadvantaged women into divorce, we analyze monthly marital histories and health insurance experiences of nonelderly women in three recent panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Results show that women who divorce not only have lower baseline rates of insurance coverage than women who remain married, but also face a significant risk of health insurance loss in the months following divorce. Women without their own employer-based coverage prior to divorce, primarily those insured as dependents on a husband�s employer-based insurance policy, are particularly vulnerable to insurance loss, while stable full-time employment serves as a buffer against loss of coverage. In addition, results suggest that rates of insurance coverage remain depressed for nearly two years after divorce. This finding suggests that a significant number of women face ongoing difficulties in securing health insurance after divorce.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-04.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-04.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [41] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 199
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-03-27
            [number] => 3
            [title] => Partially Identifying the Impact of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Food Insecurity among Children: Addressing Endogeneity and Misreporting Using the SIPP
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Craig Gunderson, University of Illinois, Brent Kreider, Iowa State University, and John Pepper, University of Virginia
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using data from the 2004 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP),we reexamine the impact of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) � formerly known as the Food Stamp Program � on child food insecurity. By far the largest food assistance program in the United States, SNAP's central goal is to alleviate food insecurity. In this light, policymakers have been perplexed to find positive associations between food insecurity and the receipt of SNAP. Exploiting recent validation data and detailed information on income and program eligibility in the SIPP, we extend recent research that confronts the two main issues confounding identification of the causal impacts of SNAP on food security: endogenous selection into the program and extensive systematic misreporting of participation status. Imposing relatively weak nonparametric assumptions on the selection and reporting error processes, we provide tight bounds on the impact of SNAP on child food insecurity. The SIPP is especially well suited for this project because, along with containing information on food insecurity, it includes all of the information needed to establish eligibility into the program (other datasets are less comprehensive), and SNAP participation is observed at repeated intervals over time.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-03.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-03.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 41
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [42] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 198
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-02-27
            [number] => 2
            [title] => Offsetting and the Consumption of Social Responsibility
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ezra Rosser, American University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This Article examines the relationship between individual consumption and consumption-based harms by focusing on the rise in consumption offsetting.  Carbon offsets are but the leading edge of a rise in consumer options for offsetting externalities associated with consumption.  Moving from examples of quasi offsetting to environmental offsetting and the possibility of poverty offset institutions, I argue that offsetting provides a valuable mechanism for individuals to correct for the harms associated with consumption.  This article makes two major contributions to how we understand the relationship between consumption and social responsibility.  First, it identifies an emerging offsetting phenomenon in seemingly discrete market practices and gives suggestions for improving upon them.  Second, it suggests that by taking seriously both consumption and externalities, progress can be made on everything from the environment to global poverty.  Offsetting, while not getting at all moral or societal obligations, does root such obligations in the shared activity, and perhaps belief, of Americans: consumption.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-02.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-02.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [43] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 197
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2011-01-17
            [number] => 1
            [title] => Immigration Policy and Less-Skilled Workers in the United States: Reflections on Future Directions for Reform
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University and the Urban Institute
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper reviews the evidence on the effects of less-skilled immigration to the U.S., and their implications for immigration reform. It begins with a review of the costs of less-skilled immigration, in terms of competition to native-born American workers; and the benefits of such immigration in the form of lower consumer prices, higher employer profits, and greater efficiency for the U.S. economy. Effects of different legal categories of immigrants and of immigrant integration over time are considered. The paper then reviews various reform proposals and other ideas that might raise the net benefits associated with less-skilled immigration to the U.S.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2012-02-03 13:04:21
            [last_modified_by] => surong
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper11-01.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper11-01.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

        )

    [44] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 196
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-09-17
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Is Employer-Based Health Insurance a Barrier to Entrepreneurship?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, University of California-Santa Cruz and RAND, Kanika Kapur, University College of Dublin, and Susan Gates, RAND
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The focus on employer-provided health insurance in the United States may restrict business creation.  We address the limited research on the topic of "entrepreneurship lock" by using recent panel data from matched Current Population Surveys. We use difference-in-difference models to estimate the interaction between having a spouse with employer-based health insurance and potential demand for health care.  We find evidence of a larger negative effect of health insurance demand on business creation for those without spousal coverage than for those with spousal coverage.  We also take a new approach in the literature to examine the question of whether employer-based health insurance discourages business creation by exploiting the discontinuity created at age 65 through the qualification for Medicare.  Using a novel procedure of identifying age in months from matched monthly CPS data, we compare the probability of business ownership among male workers in the months just before turning age 65 and in the months just after turning age 65.  We find that business ownership rates increase from just under age 65 to just over age 65, whereas we find no change in business ownership rates from just before to just after for other ages 55-75. We also do not find evidence from the previous literature and additional estimates that other confounding factors such as retirement, partial retirement, social security and pension eligibility are responsible for the increase in business ownership in the month individuals turn 65.  Our estimates provide some evidence that "entrepreneurship lock" exists, which raises concerns that the bundling of health insurance and employment may create an inefficient level of business creation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:53:09
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-10.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-10.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

        )

    [45] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 195
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-08-20
            [number] => 9
            [title] => An Economic View of Food Deserts in the United States
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marianne Bitler, University of California-Irvine, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and NBER, and Steven J. Haider, Michigan State University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Considerable policy and academic attention has been focused on the topic of food deserts. We consider this topic from an economic perspective. First, we consider how the components of a standard economic analysis apply to the study of food deserts. Second, using this economic lens, we revisit the empirical literature on food deserts to assess the progress that has been made regarding whether food deserts are problematic in the US. Overall, despite several studies documenting the existence of food deserts in local areas, shortcomings in available data have not allowed researchers to convincingly document the presence or absence of food deserts on a national scale, and virtually no research has provided insight as to why food deserts might exist.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-09.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-09.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [46] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 194
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-08-18
            [number] => 8
            [title] => Young Adults and Higher Education: Barriers and Breakthroughs to Success
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Thomas Brock, MDRC
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Although access to higher education has increased substantially over the past forty years, stu�dent success in college�as measured by persistence and degree attainment�has not improved at all. Thomas Brock reviews systematic research findings on the effectiveness of various inter�ventions designed to help at-risk students remain in college.

Brock shows how changes in federal policy and public attitudes since the mid-1960s have opened up higher education to women, minorities, and nontraditional students and also shifted the �center of gravity� in higher education away from traditional four-year colleges toward nonselective community colleges. Students at two-year colleges, however, are far less likely than those at four-year institutions to complete a degree. Brock argues that the nation�s higher education system must do much more to promote student success. Three areas, he says, are particularly ripe for reform: remedial education, student support services, and financial aid.

In each of these three areas, Brock reviews programs and interventions that community col�leges have undertaken in order to raise completion rates. Some colleges have, for example, experimented with remedial programs that build social cohesion between students and fac�ulty and integrate content across courses. Other colleges have tested student support service programs that offer counseling and advising that are regular, intensive, and personalized. Still others have experimented with ways to simplify the financial aid application process and incen�tivize students to earn good grades and persist in school.

Research shows that such programs and interventions can improve student outcomes, but Brock argues that more must be done to bring proven practices to scale and to test new ideas that might lead to better results. Institutions that most need help are those that provide the greatest access to nontraditional and underprepared students in community colleges and less selective universities.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-08.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-08.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [47] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 193
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-08-18
            [number] => 7
            [title] => Troubling Times: The Declining Economic Status of Michigan Relative to the Rest of the United States, High School Graduates Relative to College Graduates and Men Relative to Women
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sheldon H. Danziger and Reynolds Farley, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We are living in troubling economic times in the nation and in Michigan in particular. The Great Recession hit Michigan residents particularly hard. However, the erosion of Michigan�s economic status relative to that in the rest of the country began more than 30 years ago. The oil price shocks of the 1970s and the severe recession in the early 1980s provided early warning signs that it would be risky for Michigan to continue to place most of its economic bets on the high-paying manufacturing jobs that were its source of prosperity in the quarter century following World War II. While there have been some attempts to diversify and modernize Michigan�s economy over the last several decades, it seems that Michigan�s firms and workers were too slow to accept the changing economic reality. The recent bankruptcies of General Motors and Chrysler signal the end of Detroit�s industrial dominance and seem to have laid to rest visions of a return to the �good old days.�

We do not know if, in the coming decade, Michigan can reinvent its economy and regain some of its lost prosperity. We do know that unemployment rates and poverty rates will remain high for the foreseeable future.

The economic troubles we have documented have been less severe for those with at least a college degree and for those working in growing sectors, such as health care and business services. To the extent that there is a noncontroversial policy prescription that follows from the data we have reviewed, it is that the government and citizens of Michigan should be doing more to improve the education and skills of our work force. Among Michigan residents between the ages of 25 and 39, 29 percent have a college degree (25.7 percent of men and 31.4 percent of women). This is just below the national average of 30 percent, and well below that of a number of other industrialized states�Massachusetts, 46 percent, New Jersey and Connecticut and Maryland, 40 percent, Minnesota 38 percent, Illinois, 36 percent. A highly skilled workforce is necessary if Michigan is to move forward and regain the economic stature it had 40 years ago.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 37
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [48] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 192
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-08-05
            [number] => 6
            [title] => Parental Job Loss and Children�s Educational Attainment in Black and White Middle-Class Families (10-06)
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ariel Kalil, University of Chicago and Patrick Wightman, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Objectives. We aim to understand why blacks are significantly less likely than whites to perpetuate their middle class status across generations. To do so, we focus on the potentially different associations between parental job loss and youth�s education al attainment in black and white middle class families.

Methods. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), following those children "born" into the survey between 1968 and 1979 and followed through age 21. We conduct multivariate regression analyses to test the association between parental job loss during childhood and youth�s educational attainment by age 21.

Results. We find that parental job loss is associated with a lesser likelihood of obtaining any post-secondary education for all offspring, but that the association for blacks is almost three times as strong. A substantial share of the differential impact of job loss on black and white middle class youth is explained by race differences in household wealth, long-run measures of family income, and, especially, parental experience of long-term unemployment.

Conclusions. These findings highlight the fragile economic foundation of the black middle-class and suggest that intergenerational persistence of class status in this population may be highly dependent on the avoidance of common economic shocks. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-06.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-06.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 54
                )

        )

    [49] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 191
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-06-07
            [number] => 5
            [title] => The Role of Earned Income Tax Credit in the Budgets of Low-Income Families
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ruby Mendenhall, University of Illinois, Champaign/Urbana, Kathryn Edin, Harvard University, Susan Crowley, Harvard University, Jennifer Sykes, Harvard University, Laura Tach, Harvard University, Katrin Kriz, Emmanuel College, and Jeffrey R. Kling, Congressional Budget Office and NBER
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The annual receipt of large tax refunds, primarily due to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), provides families with an unusual opportunity to save and build assets. In 2007, we conducted a short survey, followed by in-depth interviews, with 194 African-American, Latino, and White parents who received the EITC, all with refunds of at least $1,000. The survey reveals that a sizable fraction planned to allocate a considerable portion of their refund to savings and assets. In-depth interviews conducted roughly six months later reveal that a significant minority did allocate a portion of their refund toward these purposes, though not as often as planned. Many other recipients have significant asset building goals, which they say are fueled by the expectation of ongoing annual tax refunds.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-05.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-05.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 40
                            [keyword] => Financial Access and Services
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 40
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [50] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 190
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-04-28
            [number] => 4
            [title] => Improving Education and Employment for Disadvantaged Young Men: Proven and Promising Strategies
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Carolyn J. Heinrich, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Low high school graduation rates and sharply declining employment rates among disadvantaged youth have led to increasing numbers of youth who are disconnected from both school and work. What programs and policies might prevent these disconnections and improve educational and employment outcomes, particularly among young men? We review the evidence base on youth development policies for adolescents and young teens; programs seeking to improve educational attainment and employment for in-school youth; and programs that try to �reconnect� those who are out of school and frequently out of work, including public employment programs.  We identify a number of programmatic strategies that are promising or even proven, based on rigorous evaluations, for disadvantaged youth with different circumstances, and conclude that policy efforts need to promote a range of approaches to engage and reconnect youth, along with ongoing evaluation efforts to improve our understanding of what works, including which program components, for whom.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-04.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-04.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 54
                )

        )

    [51] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 189
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-04-28
            [number] => 3
            [title] => Making the 1996 Welfare Reform Work: The Promise of a Job
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Anthony J. Mallon, Virginia Commonwealth University and Guy V.G. Stevens, Federal Reserve Board (ret.)
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => While it is well known that Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) caseloads have shrunk by 50 percent or more since the passage of the 1996 welfare reform act (PRWORA), information regarding the economic circumstances and overall well-being of those who leave  the welfare roles is less publicized.  The extensive evidence examined in this paper presents a consistent picture: although approximately 60% of welfare leavers exited with a full-time job, within a year or two approximately half of all leavers fall into poverty.  There is some evidence that the percentage living in poverty has increased for more recent leavers.  These findings all date to periods prior to the recent severe economic recession.

The proximate cause of this high rate of poverty, as revealed in the data, is that welfare leavers end up working, on average, too few hours over the course of a year.  Behind these low hours are the more fundamental causes of the measurable �barriers to work� limiting many leavers, and the limited supply of appropriate private-sector jobs, even during the so-called full-employment years of the late 1990s.

In a search of potential solutions to this problem, the present paper examines the results, design, and costs for a large number of transitional-job and welfare-to-work programs.  Based on this examination, and proceeding on the assumption that any contemporary policy proposal must be �work-based,� we propose and cost-out a program of jobs-of-last-resort, one that represents an extension and expansion of existing transitional jobs programs.  The program, called Promise of a Job (POJ), addresses the two fundamental causes noted above, by including a job guarantee and by providing training and monitoring before and after the initial job placement.  We are aware that such a program carries the danger of a sizable �displacement effect,� and our program design tries to minimize this problem.  We estimate the costs per participant and the overall costs of applying Promise of a Job to a number of relevant economic situations.

Since the focus of POJ is our attempt to correct the critical failings of PRWORA, we attempt to calculate the impact of combining POJ with TANF at two important points in time: in 2007, the most recent year for which we had adequate data, and in 1996, the first year of welfare reform. We estimate the costs and benefits for a number of scenarios, varying the eligibility requirements for POJ, the rate at which adults on TANF become participants in POJ, and the rate at which participants find a full-time private-sector job. Among the most important benefits of this composite program is the reduction of adult and, especially, children�s poverty. The assumption of participants exiting TANF with a full-time job, either in the private or public sector, leads, as expected, to significant reductions in the relevant poverty rates.  Interestingly, however, the reductions in poverty differ significantly between 1996 and 2007.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-03.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-03.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 37
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [52] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 188
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-02-24
            [number] => 2
            [title] => Explaining Racial/Ethnic Gaps in Spatial Mismatch: The Primacy of Racial Segregation
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Michael A. Stoll, UCLA and Kenya L. Covington, California State University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Despite declines in racial segregation across most U.S. metropolitan areas in recent years, racial and ethnic minorities still display uneven geographic access to jobs.  In this article, we provide a detailed analysis of the factors driving racial and ethnic gaps in spatial mismatch conditions across U.S. metropolitan areas.  Using data primarily from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census, and the 1994 and 1999 Economic Census and the Zip Code Business Pattern files we generate descriptive, multivariate, and decompositional evidence to address why blacks and to a lesser extent Latinos display greater degrees of spatial mismatch than whites.  The results indicate that racial segregation in housing markets among many other factors including job sprawl, is the most important factor.  Our models indicate that racial differences in spatial mismatch conditions, particularly between blacks and whites, should be eliminated in 45 to 50 years should racial segregation levels continue to decline in the future at similar rates observed over the 1990s.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-02.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-02.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [53] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 187
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2010-01-12
            [number] => 1
            [title] => The Impact of Minimum Wage Increases: Evidence from Fast-Food Establishments in Illinois and Indiana
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Elizabeth T. Powers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Fast-food establishments in Illinois and Indiana were surveyed during a period of state-mandated minimum wage increases in Illinois.  While entry-level wages of Illinois establishments rose substantially in response to the mandated increases, there is little evidence that Illinois establishments ameliorated wage increases by delaying scheduled raises or reducing fringe benefit offerings.  There is little evidence of �labor-labor� substitution in favor of women, better educated, or teenaged workers, or increased worker tenure at the new wage, but weak evidence of increased food prices.  In contrast, there are large declines in part-time positions and workers� hours in Illinois relative to Indiana. Aggregate figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics support relative declines in total fast-food employment in �downstate� Illinois counties, as hypothesized.  However, establishment�s responses do not appear proportionate to the strength of the minimum wage change.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-01.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper10-01.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [54] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 186
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => mattlach
            [date_added] => 2009-11-10
            [number] => 16
            [title] => Part-Time Workers: Some Key Differences Between Primary and Secondary Earners
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Data from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS indicate that the proportion of part-time workers who are primary earners has grown over the past three decades; part-time primary earners face numerous social welfare challenges, whereas part-time secondary earners have social welfare outcomes that compare well with those of full-time workers
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-16.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-16.pdf'.
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [55] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 185
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-28
            [number] => 15
            [title] => How Much Can We Trust Causal Interpretations of Fixed-Effects Estimators in the Context of Criminality?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Bjerk, Robert Day School of Economics and Finance, Claremont McKenna College
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Researchers are often interested in estimating the causal effect of some treatment on individual criminality. For example, two recent relatively prominent papers have attempted to estimate the respective direct effects of marriage and gang participation on individual criminal activity. One difficulty to overcome is that the treatment is often largely the product of individual choice. This issue can cloud causal interpretations of correlations between the treatment and criminality since those choosing the treatment (e.g. marriage or gang membership) may have differed in their criminality from those who did not even in the absence of the treatment. To overcome this potential for selection bias researchers have often used various forms of individual fixed-effects estimators. While such fixed-effects estimators may be an improvement on basic cross-sectional methods, they are still quite limited when it comes to uncovering a true causal effect of the treatment on individual criminality because they may fail to account for the possibility of dynamic selection. Using data from the NSLY97, I show that such dynamic selection can potentially be quite large when it comes to criminality, and may even be exacerbated when using more advanced fixed-effects methods such as Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW). Therefore substantial care must be taken when it comes to interpreting the results arising from fixed-effects methods.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-15.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-15.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 49
                )

        )

    [56] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 184
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-27
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Young Adults and Higher Education: Barriers and Breakthroughs to Success
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Thomas Brock, MDRC
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper reviews systematic research findings on the effectiveness of various interventions designed to help at-risk students remain in college. It shows how changes in federal policy and public attitudes since the mid-1960s have opened up higher education to women, minorities, and nontraditional students and also shifted the �center of gravity� in higher education away from traditional four-year colleges toward nonselective community colleges. Students at two-year colleges, however, are far less likely than those at four-year institutions to complete a degree, owing in part to poor preparation for college and other personal circumstances, and to weaknesses or gaps in educational programs and services offered on many campuses.

The paper reviews programs and interventions that some institutions have undertaken in order to raise completion rates. For example, some colleges have experimented with remedial programs that build social cohesion between students and faculty and integrate content across courses. Other colleges have tested student support service programs that offer counseling and advising that are regular, intensive, and personalized. Still others have experimented with ways to simplify the financial aid application process and incentivize students to earn good grades and persist in school. While such programs and interventions can improve student outcomes, more needs to be done to bring proven practices to scale and to test new ideas that might lead to better results. The institutions that most need help are those that provide the greatest access to nontraditional and underprepared students: community colleges and less selective universities.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-14.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-14.pdf'.
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 37
                )

        )

    [57] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 183
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-25
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Distributional Effects of Early Childhood Programs and Business Incentives and Their Implications for Policy
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Timothy J. Bartik, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper is a draft of Chapter 8 of a planned book, Preschool and Jobs: Human Development as Economic Development, and Vice Versa. This book analyzes early childhood programs� effects on regional economic development. Four early childhood programs are considered: 1) universally accessible preschool for four-year-olds of similar quality to the Chicago Child Parent Center program; 2) the Abecedarian program, which provides disadvantaged children with high-quality child care and preschool from infancy to age five; 3) the Nurse Family Partnership, which provides low-income first-time mothers with nurse home visitors from the prenatal period until the child is age two; and 4) the Parent Child-Home program, which provides home visits and educational toys and books to disadvantaged families when the child is between the ages of 2 and 3.

The book considers the main benefit of state economic development to be the resulting increase in earnings of the original residents who stay in that state. Early childhood programs increase residents� earnings largely by increasing the quantity and quality of local labor supply. These programs will increase the employability and wages of former child participants in these programs. The book compares the effects on local earnings of early childhood programs with the effects of business incentives (e.g., property tax abatements). Business incentives increase local residents� earnings by increasing the quantity and/or quality of local labor demand.

This chapter considers the effects of early childhood programs and business incentives on the income distribution. A key issue is whether early childhood programs should be targeted on the poor, or made universally available for free. Relevant considerations in addressing this issue include how benefits of early childhood programs benefit with family income, and the political feasibility of targeted versus universal programs.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-13.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-13.pdf'.
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 37
                    [2] => 38
                )

        )

    [58] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 182
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-17
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sheldon Danziger and David Ratner, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper focuses on the labor market outcomes that represent a key marker of the transition to adulthood�the attainment of economic stability and self-sufficiency.  Achieving labor market success is a necessary condition for a successful transition to adulthood, even it is not sufficient to guarantee success in achieving other markers of adulthood discussed elsewhere in this volume.  We document the divergent labor market experiences of young adult males and females over the past 30 years and the widening gap in labor market outcomes between less educated and more educated young adults.  For young men, in particular those without a high school degree, it is now more difficult to earn enough to support a family than it was in the mid-1970s.  Young women have achieved remarkable gains in earnings, employment and educational attainment since the mid-1970s.  However, young women without a college degree, like their male counterparts, have had great difficulty achieving economic stability success. 

Policies to improve the labor market prospects of young adults are necessary to facilitate successful transitions to adulthood, even if labor market success, on its own, is not sufficient to achieve the other markers of adulthood (living independently, marrying and having children).  There are numerous public policy reforms that can raise the employment and incomes of today�s young adults and increase the educational attainment, and hence the labor market success, of the next generation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-12.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-12.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 54
                )

        )

    [59] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 181
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-10
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Meeting the Basic Needs of Children: Does Income Matter?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lisa A. Gennetian, The Brookings Institution and Nina Castells and Pamela Morris, MDRC
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We review existing research and policy evidence about income as an essential component to meeting children�s basic needs�that is, income represented as the purest monetary transfer for moving families from living below a poverty threshold to living above it. Social scientists have made great methodological strides in establishing whether income has independent effects on the cognitive development of low-income children. We argue that researchers are well-positioned for more rigorous investigations about how and why income affects children, but only first with thoughtful and creative regard for conceptual clarity, and on understanding income�s potentially inter-related influences on socio-emotional development, mental, and physical health. We also argue for more focus on income�s effects across the childhood age span and within different family structures. We end with a description of two-generation and cafeteria-style programs as the frontiers of the next generation in income-enhancement policies, and with the promise of insights from behavioral economics.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-11.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-11.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [60] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 180
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-07-10
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Post 9-11 U.S. Muslim Labor Market Outcomes
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Faisal Rabby, Missouri State University and William M. Rodgers III, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using a difference-in-differences framework and micro data from the Current Population Survey-Merged Outgoing Rotation Group Files (1999 to 2004), this paper estimates the impact that the 9-11 terrorists attacks had on the U.S. labor market outcomes of individuals with nativity profiles similar to the terrorists. We find that shortly after the attacks, the employment-population ratios and hours worked of very young (ages 16 to 25) Muslim men fell. By 2004, most losses had begun to dissipate. The employment-population ratios and hours worked of older Muslim men experienced little deterioration.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-10.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-10.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [61] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 179
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-07-10
            [number] => 09
            [title] => The Supplemental Security Income Program and Material Hardship after the 1996 Welfare Reform
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lucie Schmidt, Williams College and Sheldon Danziger, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We analyze SSI applications and benefit receipt after the 1996 welfare reform by single mothers who received cash assistance in February 1997. We address these questions: First, what characteristics are associated with SSI applications and how do they differ between successful and unsuccessful applicants? Second, to what extent is SSI application and receipt status associated with material hardships? We find that unsuccessful applicants and SSI recipients have similar characteristics and that changes in physical and mental health problems during the panel are associated with new SSI applications. Both SSI recipients and unsuccessful applicants are significantly more likely to report any material hardship than those who did not apply for benefits. However, unsuccessful applicants report a significantly higher number of hardships. These results suggest the need for a temporary disability program for individuals whose physical and mental health problems limit their work, but whose disabilities do not meet the strict standards of SSI.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-09.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-09.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                    [1] => 53
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        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 178
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-07-01
            [number] => 08
            [title] => The Credit Market Consequences of Job Displacement
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Benjamin J. Keys, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
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            [abstract] => This paper demonstrates the important role of job displacement in the household bankruptcy decision. I develop a dynamic, forward-looking model of unemployment and bankruptcy where persistent negative income shocks increase a household's likelihood of filing for bankruptcy both immediately and in the future. Consistent with the model's predictions, I find that households in the NLSY are four times more likely to file for bankruptcy in the year immediately following a job loss. Heightened bankruptcy risk then declines in magnitude but persists for two to three years. Aggregate patterns in job loss and bankruptcy are also consistent with the micro model. Using county-level data from the U.S. Courts and County Business Patterns, I find that 1000 job losses are associated with 8-11 bankruptcies, that the effects also last two to three years, and that the loss of a manufacturing job is three times more likely to lead to bankruptcy than the loss of a non-manufacturing job. The results suggest that while current bankruptcy law requires credit counseling at the time of bankruptcy, providing counseling to vulnerable households at the time of job loss may be more effective.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-08.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-08.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 40
                            [keyword] => Financial Access and Services
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                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 45
                            [keyword] => Inter and Intragenerational Mobility
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 40
                    [2] => 45
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        (
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            [publication_id] => 177
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-04-14
            [number] => 07
            [title] => The Effects of SCHIP Expansion on Family Insurance and Out-of-Pocket Medical Costs
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Grogan, University of Chicago; Harold A. Pollack, University of Chicago
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Objective: To assess the effects of Medicaid and SCHIP-related crowd-out on out-of-pocket medical expenditures and family premium costs for affected families.
 
Data Sources: Data are drawn from the 2001 and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), administered by the U.S. Census Bureau. We construct a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of children, ages 0-18, and their families for the period 2001-2005.
 
Study Design: We hypothesize that child health status is a determinate of crowd-out, and that crowd-out should reduce out-of-pocket and family premium costs. We first estimate the extent of crowd out for 2001-2005. Next we operationalize a definition of crowd-out that exploits the SIPP�s longitudinal design. We use this in a bootstrapped instrumental variable approach to estimate the effects of crowd-out on out-of-pocket and premium costs.
 
Principal Findings: Estimates suggest there was substantial crowd-out during 2001-2005. Families who crowd out appear relatively vulnerable, and child health status appears highly predictive of crowd-out. Crowd-out appears to provide a cash-equivalent transfer of approximately $2,500 annually for families in the form of reduced out-of-pocket and premium costs.
 
Conclusions: Contrary to current public policy debates that often assume crowd-out represents a societal cost, our results suggest that it may bring important social benefits to vulnerable families.

This research was supported with funds provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economics Statistics Division.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 51
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        )

    [64] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 176
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-03-24
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Changing Poverty and Changing Antipoverty Policies
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Maria Cancian, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sheldon Danziger, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Since the early 1970s, dramatic changes in the economy, demographic composition of the population and in public policies have combined to reduce the antipoverty effects of economic growth. Because economic growth is now necessary, but not sufficient, to significantly reduce poverty, antipoverty policies must be expanded and reformed, especially in the aftermath of the severe recession that began in late 2007.

The authors review three cross-cutting factors that shape the extent and nature of poverty and prospects for reducing poverty: the changing role of race and ethnicity in the labor market and society; changing gender roles that influence both trends in labor force participation of women and patterns of family formation and childbearing; and the recent history of social welfare programs and policies. They conclude by recommending a set of high priority antipoverty policies that are consistent with current trends in work effort, patterns of family formation, and continuing changes in how the globalized economy affects the employment and earnings prospects of less-educated workers. These policies focus on making work pay, helping parents balance work and family responsibilities, and raising the educational attainment of disadvantaged children. They also briefly summarize the other chapters in the forthcoming Changing Poverty volume.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-06.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-06.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 47
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [65] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 175
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-03-23
            [number] => 05
            [title] => The Information Theory of Segregation: Uniting Segregation and Inequality in a Common Framework
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paul A. Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas; Jeongdai Kim, Green Mountain Energy Co.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Drawing on insights from Shannon�s (1948) seminal paper on Information Theory, we propose that all measures of segregation and inequality are united within a single conceptual framework. We argue that segregation is fundamentally analogous to the loss of information from an aggregation process. Integration is information loss and segregation is information retention. Specifying the exact theoretical and mathematical relationship between inequality and segregation measures is useful for several reasons. It highlights the common mathematical structure shared by many different segregation measures, and it suggests certain useful variants of these measures that have not been recognized previously. We develop several new measures, including a Gini Segregation Index (GS) for continuous variables and Income Dissimilarity (ID), a version of the Index of Dissimilarity suitable for measuring economic segregation. We also show that segregation measures can easily be adapted to handle persons of mixed race, and describe the Non-Exclusive Index of Dissimilarity (NED) and the Non-Exclusive Entropy Index of Segregation (NEH). We also develop a correction for structural constraints on the value of segregation measures, comparable to capacity constraints in a communications channel, that prevent them reaching their theoretical maximum or minimum value. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-05.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-05.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 48
                    [2] => 49
                )

        )

    [66] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 174
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-02-13
            [number] => 04
            [title] => What Do High-Interest Borrowers Do with their Tax Rebate?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marianne Bertrand and Adair Morse, University of Chicago
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Building on prior literature that constrained individuals consume the most out of a tax rebate, we study the tradeoffs high interest borrowers face when they received their 2008 tax stimulus checks. We find a persistent decline in payday borrowing in the pay cycles that follow the receipt of the tax rebate. The reduction in borrowing is a significant fraction of the mean outstanding loan (12%) and appears fairly persistent over the time, but is moderate in dollar magnitude (about $35) relative to the size of the rebate check ($600 per person). In trying to reconcile this finding with the cost of not retiring expensive payday debt, we find substantial heterogeneity across borrowers. Among individuals that we classify as temptation spenders (e.g. those that use 400% APR loans to buy electronic goods or go on vacation), we find no reduction in payday borrowing after the tax rebate is issued, but this group represents only a small fraction of payday borrowers. A second group for which we find no debt retirement post-check is the set of borrowers that appear to use what should be short-term payday loans as a long-term financing solution. We infer that the marginal use of the tax rebate for this group was to deal with regular monthly obligations, such as paying down late utility bills or making rent payments.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-04.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-04.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 40
                            [keyword] => Financial Access and Services
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 40
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [67] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 172
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-01-19
            [number] => 03
            [title] => Religiousness and Psychological Distress of Women after Hurricane Katrina
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Christian S. Chan and Jean E. Rhodes, University of Massachusetts, Boston
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => /publications/u/working_paper09-03.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download 'working_paper09-03.pdf'.
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="/publications/u/working_paper09-03.pdf">Download 'working_paper09-03.pdf'.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This prospective study examined social support and optimism as protective pathways of influence of general religiousness on post-disaster psychological distress of women who survived Hurricane Katrina. Two questionnaires were administrated, one before and one after the disaster. Participants were 386 low-income, single mothers, predominantly Black. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that, controlling for level of exposure to the hurricanes, pre-disaster physical health, age, and number of children, pre-disaster religiousness contributed to better post-disaster psychosocial resources, which in turn were predictive of less psychological distress.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

    [68] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 171
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-01-07
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Parental Job Loss and Children�s Educational Attainment in Black and White Middle Class Families
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ariel Kalil and Patrick Wightman, University of Chicago
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-06.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => This paper has been revised and is posted as working paper #2010-06.
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper10-06.pdf">This paper has been revised and is posted as working paper #2010-06.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Job loss remains a permanent feature of the American economy. Black and white children may experience parental job loss differently, even when they share the same class location. We address this question using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), following those children "born" into the survey between 1968 and 1979 and followed through age 21. We focus on middle-class families (defined here as an income between two and six times the appropriate poverty threshold around the time of the child�s birth). We find that parental job loss is associated with a lesser likelihood of obtaining any post-secondary education for all offspring, but that the association for blacks is about four times as strong. Approximately 40% of the differential impact of job loss on black and white middle class youth is explained by race differences in household wealth, long-run measures of family income, and, especially, parental experience of long- term unemployment. We also find suggestive evidence that parental college experience mitigates the adverse associations between parental job loss and children�s educational attainment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-05 09:08:14
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-02.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-02.pdf'.
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [69] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 170
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-01-07
            [number] => 01
            [title] => Trends in the Transitory Variance of Male Earnings in the U.S., 1970 � 2004
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert Moffitt, John Hopkins University; Peter Gottschalk, Boston College
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We estimate the trend in the transitory variance of male earnings in the U.S. using the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1970 to 2004. Using both an error components model as well as simpler but more approximate methods, we find that the transitory variance increased substantially in the 1980s and then remained at this new higher level through 2004. We also find a strong cyclical component to the transitory variance. Its increase accounts for between 30 and 65 percent of the total rise in cross-sectional variance, depending on the time period. The cross-sectional variance has recently increased but this reflects a rise in the variance of the permanent component, not the transitory component. Increases in transitory variance occurred for less educated in the early 1980s and for more educated workers in the later 1980s and early 1990s.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-01.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-01.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 35
                            [keyword] => Economic Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

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            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 35
                    [1] => 37
                    [2] => 38
                )

        )

    [70] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 169
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => myersca
            [date_added] => 2008-12-12
            [number] => 19
            [title] => Working Poverty in Michigan, 1998 and 2007: The Roles of Transfers, Labor Market, and Demographic Characteristics
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Udaya R. Wagle, Western Michigan University
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Despite increasing research attention in the recent past, the scale of working poverty and its structures are not fully known. This paper examines working poverty between 1998 and 2007 in the financially struggling state of Michigan offering great policy significance for the entire United States. Findings suggest that working families with low-wage jobs are the hardest hit by the current economic changes even with increasing availability of means-tested public transfers. A largely stable labor market attachment of the working poor indicates that higher minimum wages would hold the labor market accountable to reduce working poverty and free up policy resources to help others in more dire need. An increasingly sporadic concentration of the poverty experience among working families suggests that working poverty can affect a broad range of population.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-19.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-19.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 35
                            [keyword] => Economic Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 35
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [71] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 168
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-10-31
            [number] => 18
            [title] => Living Wage Laws: How Much Do (Can) they Matter?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown Public Policy Institute
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this paper I review what we have learned about living wage laws and their impacts on the wages, employment and poverty rates of low-wage workers. I review the characteristics of these laws and where they have been implemented to date, and what economic theory tells us about their likely effects in more and less competitive labor markets. I then review two bodies of empirical evidence: 1) Studies across cities or metropolitan areas that have and have not implemented these laws, using data from the Current Population Survey pooled over many years; and 2) Studies within particular cities, based on comparisons of covered and uncovered workers before and after the laws are passed. I conclude that living wage laws have modestly raised wage levels of low wage workers and have reduced their employment at covered firms, but that the magnitudes of both effects are likely quite small, given how few workers are usually covered by these ordinances.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-18.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-18.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [72] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 167
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-10-31
            [number] => 17
            [title] => Workforce Development as an Antipoverty Strategy: What Do We Know? What Should We Do?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown Public Policy Institute
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this paper I note the basic paradox of workforce development policy: that, in an era in which skills are more important than ever as determinants of labor market earnings, we spend fewer and fewer public (federal) dollars on workforce development over time. I present trends in funding and how the major federal programs at the Department of Labor and other agencies have evolved over time, noting the dramatic declines in funding (with the exception of Pell grants). I then review what we know about the cost-effectiveness of programs for adults and youth from the evaluation literature. I consider some other possible reasons for funding declines, such as the notion that other approaches (like supplementing the low earnings of workers with tax credits or early childhood programs) are more effective and address more serious problems. I review some newer developments in workforce policy, mostly at the state and local levels, and then conclude with some policy recommendations.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-17.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-17.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [73] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 166
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-10-16
            [number] => 16
            [title] => Compounded Disadvantage: Race, Incarceration, and Wage Growth
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Christopher J. Lyons, University of New Mexico; Becky Pettit, University of Washington
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Spending time in prison has become an increasingly common life event for low-skill minority men in the U.S. The Bureau of Justice Statistics now estimates that one in three Black men can expect to spend time in prison during his lifetime. A growing body of work implicates the prison system in contemporary accounts of racial inequality across a host of social, health, economic, and political domains. However, comparatively little work has examined the impact of the massive increase in the prison system � and growing inequality in exposure to the prison system � on racial inequality over the life course. Using a unique data set drawn from state administrative records, this project examines how spending time in prison affects wage trajectories for a cohort of men over a 14-year period. Multilevel growth curve models show that black inmates earn considerably less than white inmates, even after considering human capital variables and prior work histories. Furthermore, racial divergence in wages among inmates increases following release from prison. Black felons receive fewer returns to previous work experience than white felons contributing to a widening of the racial wage gap. This research broadens our understanding of the sources of racial stratification over the life course and underscores the relevance of recent policy interventions in the lives of low-skilled minority men.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-16.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-16.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [74] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 165
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-09-25
            [number] => 15
            [title] => The Kerner Commission Plus Four Decades: What Has Changed? What Has Not?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Reynolds Farley, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-15.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-15.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [75] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 164
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-09-23
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Last Hired, First Fired? Black-White Unemployment and the Business Cycle
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kenneth A. Couch, University of Connecticut; Robert W. Fairlie, University of California, Santa Cruz
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Past studies have tested the claim that blacks are the last hired during periods of economic growth and the first fired in recessions by examining the movement of relative unemployment rates over the business cycle. Any conclusion drawn from this type of analysis must be viewed as tentative because the cyclical movements in the underlying transitions into and out of unemployment are not examined. Using Current Population Survey data matched across adjacent months from 1989 to 2004, this paper provides the first detailed examination of labor market transitions for prime-age black and white men to test the last-hired, first-fired hypothesis. Considerable evidence is presented that blacks are the first fired as the business cycle weakens. However, no evidence is found that blacks are the last hired. Instead, blacks appear to be initially hired from the ranks of the unemployed early in the business cycle and later are drawn from non-participation. The narrowing of the racial unemployment gap near the peak of the business cycle is driven by a reduction in the rate of job loss for blacks rather than increases in hiring.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-14.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-14.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [76] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 163
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-09-23
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Gender Differences in Business Performance:  Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, University of California, Santa Cruz; Alicia M. Robb, University of California, Santa Cruz
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using confidential microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau, we investigate the performance of female-owned businesses making comparisons to male-owned businesses. Using regression estimates and a decomposition technique, we explore the role that human capital, especially through prior work experience, and financial capital play in contributing to why female-owned businesses have lower survival rates, profits, employment and sales. We find that female-owned businesses are less successful than male-owned businesses because they have less startup capital, and business human capital acquired through prior work experience in a similar business and prior work experience in family business. We also find some evidence that female-owned businesses work fewer hours and may have different preferences for the goals of their business.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-13.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-13.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [77] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 162
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-07-10
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Cause or Consequence? Suburbanization and Crime in U.S Metropolitan Areas
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paul A. Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas; Yoonhwan Park, University of Texas at Dallas 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Inner-city crime is a motivating factor for middle-class flight, and therefore crime is a cause of suburbanization.  Movement of the middle- and upper-classes to the suburbs, in turn, isolates the poor in central city ghettos and barrios.  Sociologists and criminologists have argued that the concentration of poverty creates an environment within which criminal behavior becomes normative, leading impressionable youth to adopt criminal lifestyles.  Moreover, from the perspective of routine activity theory, the deterioration of social capital in high-poverty areas reduces the capacity for guardianship.  Therefore, suburbanization may also cause crime.  We argue that prior research has not distinguished between the causal and compositional effects of suburbanization on crime.  We show that the causal component can be identified by linking metropolitan-level crime rates, rather than central-city crime rates, to measures of suburbanization.  Using UCR and Census data from 2000, we find a positive relationship between suburbanization and metropolitan crime.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-12.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-12.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 43
                    [2] => 52
                )

        )

    [78] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 161
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-07-08
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Implementation of 'Within My Reach:' Providing a Relationship Awareness and Communications Skills Program to TANF Recipients in Oklahoma
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Anne Sparks
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Through the Oklahoma Marriage Initiative and Oklahoma�s Department of Human Services, a relationship education program called Within My Reach is included in a week of orientation activities for new TANF (public assistance) clients. An implementation study was conducted with the aims: 1) of providing an in-depth description of the program based on the researcher�s observations; 2) of assessing, through in-depth interviews, the fit between the curriculum and the TANF clients� actual relationship situations and concerns; and 3) of assessing, through repeated interviews, the degree to which participants utilize skills taught in the program. The researcher observed Within My Reach classes in three Department of Human Services centers in the greater Oklahoma City area and  interviewed twenty-two TANF clients who participated in the Within My Reaach program. Analysis of interviews and field notes from observation of classes found that a good fit existed between topics covered in the curriculum and the TANF clients� actual relationship situations and concerns. Analysis of post-completion interviews with eleven participants revealed that all eleven found at least one concept in the program valuable; nine of the eleven described one or more ways in which they had utilized awareness or skill they had gained from the program. The findings suggest that Within My Reach successfully modifies and adapts core elements of PREP (an effective relationship education program for middle class engaged and married couples) in order to address issues experienced by low income single parents.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-11.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-11.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [79] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 160
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-07-01
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Lessons from Hurricane Katrina: A Natural Experiment of the Effect of Residential Change on Recidivism
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David S. Kirk
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina ravaged the Louisiana Gulf Coast, damaging many of the neighborhoods where ex-prisoners typically reside. Given the residential destruction resulting from Hurricane Katrina, it is unclear whether the resulting geographic displacement of returning prisoners has had any adverse, or even beneficial, impact on the likelihood of recidivism. It may be the case that Hurricane Katrina induced turning points in the life course of former prisoners by separating these individuals from the criminal peers and the criminal temptations that contributed to their criminality in the past. Yet estimating the causal impact of residential migration on the likelihood of recidivism is complicated by the issue of selection bias�the possibility that some unmeasured characteristic of prisoners influences both where they live and their criminal behavior, and may therefore account for any relation between residential change and recidivism. In this study, I utilize a natural experiment as a means of addressing the selection issue, and seek to establish whether the migration of ex-prisoners away from their former place of residence will lead to lower levels of recidivism. Findings suggest that moving away from former geographic areas substantially lowers an ex-prisoner�s likelihood of re-incarceration.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-10.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-10.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 43
                    [2] => 47
                )

        )

    [80] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 159
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-06-17
            [number] => 09
            [title] => Capability and Income Poverty in the United States: A Comparative Analysis of the Measurement Outcomes and Poverty Profiles Between 1994 and 2004.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Udaya R. Wagle
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Shifting focus from income to capability deprivation signifies an important milestone toward accurately measuring poverty. I operationalize capability deprivation in the United States and compare poverty measurement outcomes among various capability approaches and between capability and income spaces. Of the three capability approaches examined, the factor score absolute approach suggests a greater extent of poverty and more comprehensive demographic profiles of the poor. Additionally, I find that using the capability space may further attenuate the extent of poverty over those using the income space and alter somewhat the stereotypical profiles of the poor.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-09.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-09.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [81] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 158
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-06-17
            [number] => 08
            [title] => The Impact of Income on the Weight of Elderly Americans.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => John Cawley, John Moran, Kosali Simon
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper tests whether income affects the body weight and clinical weight classification of elderly Americans using a natural experiment that led otherwise identical retirees to receive significantly different Social Security payments based on their year of birth. We exploit this natural experiment by estimating models of instrumental variables using data from the National Health Interview Surveys. The model estimates rule out even moderate effects of income on weight and on the probability of being underweight or obese, especially for men.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-08.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-08.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [82] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 157
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-05-13
            [number] => 07
            [title] => Obesity and Developmental Functioning Among Children Aged 2-4 Years
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => John Cawley, C. Katharina Spiess
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In developed countries, obesity tends to be associated with worse labor market outcomes.  One possible reason is that obesity leads to less human capital formation early in life.  This paper investigates the association between obesity and the developmental functioning of children at younger ages (2-4 years) than ever previously examined.  Data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study are used to estimate models of developmental functioning in four critical areas (verbal skills, activities of daily living, motor skills, and social skills) as a function of various measures of weight (including BMI and obesity status) controlling for various child and family characteristics.  The findings indicate that, among boys, obesity is a significant risk factor for lagged development in verbal skills, social skills, and activities of daily living.  Among girls, weight generally does not have a statistically significant association with these developmental outcomes.  Further investigations show that the correlations exist even for those preschool children who spend no time in day care, which implies that the correlation between obesity and developmental functioning cannot be due solely to discrimination by teachers, classmates, or day care providers.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 33
                            [keyword] => Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 33
                    [2] => 36
                )

        )

    [83] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 156
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-04-08
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Avenues to Self-Sufficiency: The Accessibility and Stability of Faith-based and Community-based Service Organizations in Urban and Rural America.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Scott Allard.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Program  accessibility  and  stability  are  critical  components  of  any  effort  to  cultivate  greater capacity among faith&#8208;based and community&#8208;based social service organizations. Working poor populations are more likely to benefit from programs if they are nearby, easily accessible, and operate with consistency. Yet, we know very little about where faith&#8208;based service organizations (FBOs) and secular nonprofits are located, or whether certain types of providers exhibit more stability than others. Drawing on unique survey data on nonprofit service providers, this paper compares the characteristics of FBOs and secular organizations in several urban and rural communities. FBOs that integrate faith into service delivery and secular nonprofit organizations are more accessible to poor populations than FBOs that do not integrate religious elements into service provision. At the same time, I find that large percentages of FBOs and secular nonprofits experience funding volatility and program instability each year. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-06.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-06.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 50
                            [keyword] => Rural Poverty
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 50
                    [1] => 51
                    [2] => 52
                )

        )

    [84] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 155
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-02-28
            [number] => 05
            [title] => Organizations and Exclusion: An Inquiry Into Bureaucratic Proceduralism.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Evelyn Z. Brodkin, Malay Majmundar.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This inquiry takes up the question of how bureaucratic proceduralism operates in benefits delivery and, specifically, whether it produced exclusionary effects in the case of welfare delivery. Bureaucratic proceduralism, a construct of this analysis, is defined as organizational practices occurring through the interaction of formal rules and procedures with informal administrative activities. This focus on proceduralism directs empirical attention to the processes that affect the cost of claiming, not on the categorical standards for eligibility themselves. It recognizes that eligibility rules are not self-executing, but depend on the formal and informal steps, interactions, and judgments that constitute the business of claimsmaking at the street-level.

Using data from the National Survey of America�s Families, this inquiry addresses two empirical questions. First, was bureaucratic proceduralism a factor in declining welfare caseloads in the period post-welfare reform? Second, did proceduralism have differential effects on welfare claimants, depending on their socio-economic status, race, or ethnicity? That is, did proceduralism produce inequality in access to benefits? This analysis builds on and contributes to the theoretical and empirical literature on street-level bureaucracy and welfare administration. Beyond these analytic concerns, it has practical implications for welfare administration as well as political implications for administrative justice.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-05.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-05.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                    [1] => 51
                    [2] => 53
                )

        )

    [85] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 154
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-02-04
            [number] => 04
            [title] => Food Insecurity, Economic Stressors, and Childhood Overweight.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven Garasky, Susan D. Stewart, Craig Gundersen, Brenda J. Lohman, Joey C. Eisenmann.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased for all children, even among low-income children, many of whom are food insecure and face several stressors. In this article, we investigate whether economic stressors and food insecurity influence childhood overweight using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its second Child Development Supplement. The results indicate no significant relationship between food insecurity and childhood overweight, but two types of economic stressors have a positive association with children�s risk of overweight, namely financial and community stress. A clear policy implication is that reducing childhood overweight is another potential benefit from helping families avoid stress due to economic difficulties.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-04.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-04.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

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        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 153
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-02-04
            [number] => 03
            [title] => Effects of Neighborhood Characteristics on the Mortality of Black Male Youth: Evidence from Gautreaux.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mark E. Votruba, Jeffrey R. Kling.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We estimate the effect of neighborhood characteristics on the mortality of poor black male youth in families relocated through the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program, a residential mobility program implemented in Chicago in 1976. Within our sample (N=2850), post-placement mortality rates were substantially higher than national rates for black male youth and primarily consisted of deaths due to violence (homicides and suicides). Mortality rates were substantially lower among those relocating to Census tracts with higher fractions of residents with college degrees, which suggests that relocating to more advantaged neighborhoods can ameliorate the mortality risks faced by this population. The estimated effect declines over the post-placement period, a result consistent with evidence that Gautreaux families routinely relocated following their initial placement. A causal interpretation of these findings is undermined somewhat by evidence of neighborhood self-selection, however the estimated effect is very robust to inclusion of covariates predictive of placement tract characteristics. Mortality effect estimates relating to Census tract measures of socioeconomic deprivation other than education were weaker in magnitude and generally insignificant, suggesting that neighborhood levels of human capital more strongly affect the mortality risks faced by this population than racial composition or neighborhood poverty.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-03.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-03.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 43
                )

        )

    [87] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 152
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-02-04
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Social Policy and Inequality.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Christopher Bollinger, James P. Ziliak
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We document the economic, demographic, and social policy forces underlying changes in income inequality among single mother families over the past twenty-seven years in the United States. Using data from the 1980�2006 waves of the March Current Population Survey, we construct additively decomposable measures of after-tax
income-to-needs inequality into the major income factors of earnings, transfers, other income, and taxes, and also into within- and between-group inequality based on employment status, education attainment, age, past marital status, and race. Our results indicate that income-to-needs inequality rose nearly 50 percent between 1980 and 2006. Employing Quandt-Andrews tests of unknown change point we identify a trend break toward higher inequality centered in 1994 just as major tax and welfare reform policies, and a business-cycle expansion were taking hold nationally. The post 1994 rise in inequality is driven by a 75 percent increase in the cross-sectional variance of income accruing in large part to strong income growth in the upper half of the distribution. A decomposition focusing on the components of total income indicates that the rise in income inequality among single mothers is driven by higher earnings inequality, and that most of the change in inequality is occurring within demographic groups in part because of large, offsetting between-group changes in population shares and relative incomes.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-02.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-02.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 47
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [88] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 151
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2008-02-04
            [number] => 01
            [title] => The Risk of Unemployment among Disadvantaged and  Advantaged Male Workers, 1968-2003.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Benjamin J. Keys, Sheldon Danziger
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Over the last three decades, structural changes in the American labor market eliminated many  highly&#8208;paid, stable jobs that had previously been available to workers with a high school diploma  or less. Job security is important, particularly for the least advantaged, who may be less able to  adjust to income losses than other workers and less able to plan for the future when jobs are not  secure.  Job loss is likely to have deleterious consequences for less&#8208;educated workers as they are  less likely than others to receive severance packages and more likely to have difficulty finding  new jobs.      

This paper addresses several questions about changes in employment stability over the last three  decades:  How likely is it that a man who is employed in one year is unemployed two years later?   Conversely, how likely is it that a man who is unemployed in one year is employed two years  later?  How have these probabilities changed over time?  How do trends in employment security  differ for workers classified by education and race? 

We analyze longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics  (PSID) for the period from 1968 through 2003.  We compare the unemployment risk of employed male household heads classified by age, educational attainment, and race.  We find that younger,  less&#8208;educated, and minority male workers have a higher risk of becoming unemployed over at  two&#8208;year period and a lower probability of moving from unemployment back to employment.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:07:26
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper08-01.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper08-01.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 33
                            [keyword] => Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 33
                    [1] => 34
                    [2] => 38
                )

        )

    [89] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 150
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-12-04
            [number] => 36
            [title] => Estimating and Benchmarking the Trend in Poverty from the  Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lloyd D. Grieger, Sheldon Danziger, Robert F. Schoeni.
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
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                                    [HREF] => /publications/u/working_paper07-36.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="/publications/u/working_paper07-36.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Since 1968, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) has collected economic,  demographic, and social data on a national sample of the U.S. population.  The PSID was  established to examine the dynamics of economic life, particularly dynamics in poverty status.  As a result, the PSID has been widely used by poverty researchers, with 390 publications on  �poverty� listed in the PSID bibliography as of October 2007.  This paper has two goals: to guide researchers through the process of calculating the poverty rate from the  PSID for each year from 1968 to the present; and to compare the level and trend in PSID poverty rates to that of the official Census  Bureau rates that are based on the March Current Population Survey (CPS).
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [90] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 149
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-12-04
            [number] => 35
            [title] => Last Hired, First Fired? Black-White Unemployment and the Business Cycle.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kenneth A. Couch, Robert Fairlie.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
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                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => /publications/u/working_paper07-35.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="/publications/u/working_paper07-35.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Past studies have tested the claim that blacks are the last hired during periods of  economic growth and the first fired in recessions by examining the movement of relative  unemployment rates over the business cycle.  Any conclusion drawn from this type of  analysis must be viewed as tentative because the cyclical movements in the underlying  transitions into and out of unemployment are not examined.  Using Current Population  Survey data matched across adjacent months from 1989 to 2004, this paper provides the  first examination of labor market transitions for prime-age black and white men to test  the last-hired, first-fired hypothesis.  Considerable evidence is presented that blacks are  the first fired as the business cycle weakens.  However, no evidence is found that blacks  are the last hired.  Instead, blacks are initially hired from the ranks of the unemployed  early in the business cycle and later are drawn from non-participation.  The narrowing of  the racial unemployment gap near the peak of the business cycle is driven by a reduction  in the rate of job loss for blacks rather than increases in hiring.  These dynamic patterns  and their timing have not been identified in the previous literature. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [91] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 148
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-12-04
            [number] => 34
            [title] => Mexican-American Entrepreneurship.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, Christopher Woodruff.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => /publications/u/working_paper07-34.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download in pdf format
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="/publications/u/working_paper07-34.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Although business ownership has implications for income inequality, wealth accumulation and  job creation, surprisingly little research explores why Mexican-Americans are less likely to start  businesses and why the businesses that they start are less successful on average than non-Latino  whites. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of Mexican-American entrepreneurship using  microdata from the 2000 U.S. Census, the matched and unmatched March and Outgoing Rotation  Group Files of the Current Population Survey from 1994 to 2004, and the Legalized Population  Survey (LPS).  We find that low levels of education and wealth explain the entire gap between  Mexican immigrants and non-Latino whites in business formation rates.  Nearly the entire gap in  business income for Mexican immigrants is explained by low levels of education and limited  English language ability.  Using the natural experiment created by the Immigration Reform and  Control Act (IRCA), we find that legal status represents an additional barrier for Mexican  immigrants. A conservative estimate suggests that the lack of legal status reduces business  ownership rates by roughly seven-tenths of a percentage point for both men and women.  Human  and financial capital deficiencies are found to limit business ownership and business success  among second and third-generation Mexican-Americans, but to a lesser extent.  These findings  have implications for the debates over the selection of immigrants and the assimilation of  Mexican-Americans in the U.S. economy.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 44
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [92] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 147
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-16
            [number] => 33
            [title] => Deciding to Discipline: A Multi-Method Study of Race, Choice, and Punishment at the Frontlines of Welfare Reform.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sanford F. Schram, Joe Soss, Richard C. Fording, and Linda Houser.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Punishment is a core technology for the governance of subordinate populations in the  modern state. The growth in significance of sanctions in welfare-to-work is reflective of the  punitive approach to poverty management. We test the hypothesis that race influences the role of  discrediting social markers in the application of sanctions to clients.  We present experimental  results that indicate caseworkers are more likely to recommend sanctions for Latina clients who  are seen as sexually promiscuous and for black clients who have a prior sanction for failure to  meet work requirements. We triangulate these experimental findings with analysis of state  administrative data on clients and find additional support that, compared to white clients, blacks  are more likely to be sanctioned when they have had a prior sanction. Overall, our results  indicate that in the new, more punitive welfare regime, nonwhite clients, African Americans in  particular, are more likely to be punished for deviant behavior while such behavior does not  increase the chances of punishment for whites.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-33.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-33.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 48
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [93] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 146
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-16
            [number] => 32
            [title] => Does welfare reform affect fertility? Evidence from the UK.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mike Brewer, Anita Ratcliffe, Sarah Smith.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper presents evidence on the fertility effect of welfare from a set of reforms  that took place in the UK in 1999 and that substantially increased support for poorer  families with children.  The reforms, including the introduction of the Working  Families Tax Credit and an increase in means-tested income support, raised benefits  by up to 10 per cent of household income.  We exploit the fact that the reforms were  targeted on low-income households and use a differences-in-differences approach to  evaluate their impact on fertility.  A priori, the fertility effect of the reforms is  ambiguous because WFTC has pro-employment effects.  In practice, these are more  important for lone mothers and we therefore focus on women in couples where we  expect the reforms to have a positive effect on births.  We find that the reforms raised  the probability of birth among women in couples by around 10 per cent (implying an  elasticity of 0.22).  In line with previous work, the effect is greatest for first births.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-32.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-32.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 46
                            [keyword] => International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 46
                    [2] => 53
                )

        )

    [94] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 144
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-12
            [number] => 31
            [title] => Mechanisms for the Association Between Maternal Employment and Child  Cognitive Development.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => John Cawley, Feng Liu
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Recent research has found that maternal employment is associated with worse  child performance on tests of cognitive ability.  This paper explores mechanisms for that  correlation.  We estimate models of instrumental variables using a unique dataset, the  American Time Use Survey, that measure the effect of maternal employment on the  mother�s allocation of time to activities related to child cognitive development.  We find  that employed women spend significantly less time reading to their children, helping with  homework, and in educational activities in general.  We find no evidence that these  decreases in time are offset by increases in time by husbands and partners.  These  findings offer plausible mechanisms for the association of maternal employment with  child cognitive development.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-31.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-31.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [95] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 145
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-12
            [number] => 29
            [title] => Maternal Employment and Childhood Obesity: A Search for Mechanisms in Time Use Data. 
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => John Cawley, Feng Liu.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Recent research has found that maternal employment is associated with an  increased risk of childhood obesity.  This paper explores mechanisms for that correlation.   We estimate models of instrumental variables using a unique dataset, the American Time  Use Survey, that measure the effect of maternal employment on the mother�s allocation  of time to activities that may be related to child diet and physical activity.  We find that  employed women spend significantly less time cooking, eating with their children, and  playing with their children, and are more likely to purchase prepared foods.  We find  suggestive evidence that these decreases in time are only partly offset by husbands and  partners.  These findings offer plausible mechanisms for the association of maternal  employment with childhood obesity.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-29.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-29.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 42
                )

        )

    [96] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 143
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-07
            [number] => 30
            [title] => How to Improve Poverty Measurement in the United States 
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca Blank.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper was prepared as the Presidential Address to the Association for Public  Policy Analysis and Management at their annual conference, November 8-10, 2007.   Thanks are due to Victoria Finkle for excellent research assistance.  The following  individuals provided comments or useful conversations, but bear no responsibility for the  analysis in this paper:  Richard Bavier, Doug Besharov, Paul Bugg, Connie Citro,  Sheldon Danziger, Indivar Dutta-Gupta, Mark Greenberg, David Johnson, Patricia  Ruggles, Kathleen Short, Katherine Wallman, and Daniel Weinberg.  

Disclaimer:  I was a senior staff economist at the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)  in 1990 and led an interagency discussion on the value of making improvements to the  poverty line as part of the Improving Economic Statistics initiative; I served on the  National Academy of Science�s Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance and signed the  resulting set of NAS recommendations;  I was a Member of the CEA in 1997-98 when  poverty measurement changes were discussed within the Clinton Administration; I  attended many of the discussions of the seminar �Reconsidering the Federal Poverty  Measure,� organized by Doug Besharov at AEI in 2003-2004.  Depending on your point  of view, this extensive political and research involvement with poverty measurement  either makes me highly informed or hopelessly biased as the author of this paper. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-30.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-30.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 46
                            [keyword] => International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 46
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [97] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 142
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-11-05
            [number] => 28
            [title] => The Growing Problem of Disconnected Single Mothers.

            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca Blank, Brian Kovak.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => A key issue in designing public safety net programs is the inherent tension between broad coverage and incentives to move toward economic self-sufficiency. Broader coverage and more generous benefits will provide more assistance in the shortterm to needy families and individuals. But this creates incentives for persons to utilize government assistance rather than moving into employment. Over the past 15 years, the United States has increased the incentives for low-income adults to work more, reducing the availability and generosity of benefits for non-working (and non-disabled) individuals. While these policy changes have been connected to substantial increases in work and earnings, particularly among low-income, single-mother families, they have made assistance less available to those who find themselves out of work and destitute. This paper looks at the extent to which economic need has changed following the reforms of the 1990s. The evidence suggests that the average single mother increased her income significantly, with increased earnings more than offsetting declining welfare benefits. Yet, there is a growing group of single mothers who report that they are not working and do not have access to public assistance benefits; we refer to these as �disconnected� families. As we show, this group is very poor. The majority of them live without other adults in their household. Given rising numbers of disconnected single mothers, we believe it is valuable to assess possible changes in the safety net that might provide greater support to this group of women and their children. The first section of the paper looks at shifts in economic need, particularly among those well below the poverty line, for whom safety net programs might be most important. The second section focuses on the evidence showing growth in the number of disconnected single mothers who are neither working nor receiving cash welfare support.

We discuss the characteristics of these families and investigate spells of disconnectedness to see how long these women remain without welfare or wage support. The third section looks at the availability of alternative sources of support for these women. The fourth section discusses the pros and cons of possible policy responses that would strengthen safety net support for this population. The last section concludes.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-28.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-28.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 39
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [98] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 140
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-14
            [number] => 27
            [title] => The Income Gradient and Distribution-Sensitive Measures of Overweight in the U.S.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Dean Jolliffe.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper uses quantile regression and alternate measures of overweight to examine the relationship between income and the body-mass index (BMI). In contrast to the prevalence measure of overweight, the alternate measures considered are sensitive to changes in the body-mass index (BMI) distribution and continuous in BMI at the overweight threshold. The standard prevalence measure indicates that there has been no association between poverty and overweight during the last 30 years of the 20th century. The most recent data from 2004 indicate that the prevalence of overweight for poor people is more than 5 percentage points lower than for the nonpoor. The alternative measures indicate though that the BMI distribution of the poor has been much more positively skewed over this time period, indicating a more severe overweight problem. Quantile regression analysis indicates that the strongest relationship between income and BMI is observed at the tails of the (conditional) distribution. There is a strong negative income gradient in BMI at the obesity threshold and some evidence of a positive gradient at the underweight threshold.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-27.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-27.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 49
                )

        )

    [99] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 138
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-12
            [number] => 26
            [title] => Work after Welfare Reform and the Well-being of Children.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rucker C. Johnson, Ariel Kalil, and Rachel E. Dunifon.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using data from five waves of the Women�s Employment Survey (WES; 1997-2003), we examine the links between low-income mothers� employment experiences and the emotional well-being and academic progress of their children. We find robust linkages between several different dimensions of mothers� employment experiences and child outcomes. The pattern of results is remarkably similar across all of our empirical approaches�including hierarchical random effects models with an unusually extensive set of controls, child fixed effect models, and instrumental variables estimates. First, children exhibit fewer behavior problems when their mothers work and experience job stability (relative to children whose mothers do not work). In contrast, maternal work accompanied by job instability is associated with significantly higher child behavior problems (relative to job stability). Children whose mothers work full-time and/or have fluctuating levels of work hours or irregular schedules also exhibit significantly higher levels of behavior problems. However, full-time work has negative consequences for children only when it is in jobs that offer limited potential for wage growth. Such negative consequences are completely offset when this work experience is in jobs that require the cognitive skills that lead to higher wage growth prospects. Finally, fluctuating levels of work hours are also strongly associated with the probability that the child will repeat a grade or be placed in special education. These results suggest that �welfare reform,� when considered more broadly to include the new landscape of employment for low-income mothers, has imposed some risks to children�s development.

JEL classification: J13, J22, I38
Key words: maternal employment; welfare; child development.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/Johnson_Kalil_Dunifon_JHR_8_31_07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'Johnson_Kalil_Dunifon_JHR_8_31_07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 53
                )

        )

    [100] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 137
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-12
            [number] => 25
            [title] => Temporary Help Agencies and the Advancement Prospects of Low Earners.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Fredrik Andersson, Harry J. Holzer, and Julia Lane.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this paper we use a very large matched database on firms and employees to analyze the use of temporary agencies by low earners, and to estimate the impact of temp employment on subsequent employment outcomes for these workers. Our results show that, while temp workers have lower earnings than others while working at these agencies, their subsequent earnings are often higher � but only if they manage to gain stable work with other employers. Furthermore, the positive effects seem mostly to occur because those working for temp agencies subsequently gain access to higher-wage firms than do comparable low earners who do not work for temps. The positive effects we find seem to persist for up to six years beyond the period during which the temp employment occurred.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-25.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-25.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 45
                            [keyword] => Inter and Intragenerational Mobility
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 45
                )

        )

    [101] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 136
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-05
            [number] => 24
            [title] => Down but not out: Unstable resilience and strategies to stabilize involvement of low&#8208;income fathers.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kevin Roy, Rob Palkovitz, and Jay Fagan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Father-child relationships are not static even under the best of circumstances (Belsky, 1984). They require frequent adjustments and adaptations as both father and child change and develop and experience different circumstances, challenges, and resources (Palkovitz, 1987). Other family relationships shift as well, and as a result, fathers and families experience transitions within fathering continuously. Palkovitz & Palm (2005) list a range of triggers for transitions in paternal involvement, including child development, family crisis, individual changes in the father, cohort or historical shifts, changes in employment, and counter transitional changes.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-24.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-24.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 33
                            [keyword] => Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 33
                )

        )

    [102] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 135
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-05
            [number] => 23
            [title] => Incarceration and the Transition to Adulthood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Gary Sweeten and Robert Apel.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Existing research establishes a lengthy list of adverse outcomes of incarceration that includes an elevated risk of criminal offending as well as unfavorable outcomes in the labor market, the institution of education, and the marriage market. These findings are consistent enough that it is tempting to attribute them to the causal effect of incarceration, particularly to the social stigma that attaches to individuals with a prison record. In light of the recent visibility of
this research and the importance of public policies that flow logically from it, we revisit the impact of juvenile (ages 16-17) and young adult (18-19) incarceration on short- and medium-term outcomes in a variety of domains. This paper is directly concerned with the problem of causal identification. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to estimate difference-indifferences models as well as propensity score matching. The empirical results suggest that there
is evidence of causal effects for some types of outcomes. For example, while we find that incarceration reduces the probability of formal employment, we find no adverse effect on wages among those who are employed. We find that the most consistent negative outcomes attributable to the experience of incarceration are related to educational attainment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-23.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-23.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 54
                )

        )

    [103] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 134
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-05
            [number] => 22
            [title] => Birth Weight, Academic Achievement, and Life Chances: A Comparison of Siblings from Childhood into Early Adulthood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jacob E. Cheadle and Bridget J. Goosby.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We used multilevel covariance structure analysis to study the relationship between birth weight, family context, development, and educational attainment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child Sample (CNLSY79), we build on previous research using sibling-comparisons to estimate the causal relationship between birth weight, subsequent academic achievement, and timely high school completion. Because we compare siblings of different ages, we incorporate family characteristics that vary between children as both predictors of growth and change, and also as time-changing covariates. Our findings indicate that birth weight, even after adjusting for fixed-family characteristics and aspects of the home environment that vary between siblings, is associated with lower reading skills at age 5, subsequent growth, and the likelihood of timely high school completion. Notably, however, the relationship between birth weight and timely high school completion is accounted for by children�s early reading skills, indicating the important role of early-learning differences in the attainment process. Additional analyses, however, provide little evidence that the impact of birth weight is exacerbated by social conditions. Overall, the pattern of findings paints a complex picture of disadvantage, beginning in the womb and extending into early-adulthood.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/NPC Working Paper BW Reading  HS.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'NPC Working Paper BW Reading  HS.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                    [2] => 42
                )

        )

    [104] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 133
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-05
            [number] => 21
            [title] => Birth Weight, Math, and Reading Achievement Growth: A Multilevel Between-Sibling, Between-Families Approach.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bridget J. Goosby and Jacob E. Cheadle.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We used multilevel covariance structure analysis to study the relationship between birth weight, family context, and youth math and reading comprehension growth from approximately age 5 until about age 14. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Child Sample (CNLSY79), we build on previous research examining both the causal relationship between birth weight and subsequent academic achievement disparities, distinguishing between birth weight and other contextual social confounders both within and between families. Taking into account family characteristics, including those that vary between-siblings within-families, we find that lower birth weight is associated with lower math and reading scores at age 5. Although these birth weight gaps do not increase as children age, they do not decrease either. Additional findings indicate that the home environment has important developmental consequences from early childhood and into adolescence. Overall, this pattern of findings paints a complex picture of disadvantage, beginning in the womb and extending through a variety of mechanisms into adolescence.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/NPC Working Paper BW math and reading.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'NPC Working Paper BW math and reading.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                    [2] => 42
                )

        )

    [105] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 132
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-07-16
            [number] => 20
            [title] => Mental Illness as a Barrier to Marriage Among Mothers With Out-of-Wedlock Births.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Julien O. Teitler, School of Social Work, Columbia University; Nancy E. Reichman, Department of Pediatrics, Princeton University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This study explores how mental illness shapes transitions to marriage among unwed mothers using augmented data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. We estimate proportional hazard models to assess the effects of mental illness on the likelihood of marriage over a five year period following a non-marital birth. Diagnosed mental illness was obtained from the survey respondents' prenatal medical records. We find that mothers with mental illness were about two thirds as likely as mothers without mental illness to marry, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, and that human capital, relationship quality, partner selection, and substance abuse explain only a small proportion of the effect of mental illness on marriage.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/NPC_working_paper_07-20-Teitler.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'NPC_working_paper_07-20-Teitler.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [106] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 131
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-25
            [number] => 19
            [title] => What We Know, What We Don�t Know,  and What We Need to Know about Welfare Reform.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca M. Blank, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => It has been more than a decade since major national legislation passed in August 1996, changing the structure of public assistance programs in the United States. During that time period, researchers from many fields have tried to evaluate the various effects of these changes on the behavior and well-being of low-income families. These changes have been among the most thoroughly evaluated public policies in history. Yet, it is striking how many questions about the effects of this policy change remain unanswered. This paper is designed to summarize the state of this literature, discussing what we know and what we don�t know about the effects of welfare reform.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-19.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-19.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 49
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [107] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 130
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-20
            [number] => 18
            [title] => The Changing Face of Welfare during the Bush Administration.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Scott W. Allard, Brown University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Most scholars of American social policy do not associate significant change in welfare policy with the presidential administration of George W. Bush. No major welfare policy initiatives were passed during the first term of the Bush residency. Welfare cash assistance caseloads have remained fairly constant since 2001. Block grant funding for state welfare programs has remained at $16.5 billion annually. The poverty rate has increased from 11.3 percent in 2000 to 12.6 percent in 2005, but the number of persons in poverty remains below the historic highs of the early 1990s (U.S. Census Bureau 2006b). Compared to the War on Terror, tax cuts, budget deficits, and Medicare drug coverage, welfare and poverty simply have not been prominent issues in the minds of the public or many policymakers.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-18.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-18.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [108] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 129
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-20
            [number] => 17
            [title] => Is Marriage Protective for all Children at Birth?  A Cumulative Risk Perspective.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Cynthia Osborne, University of Texas at Austin.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Today, 37% of all births are to unmarried mothers (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2006).  This represents a doubling in nonmarital childbearing in the past 25 years.  Reducing nonmarital childbearing and promoting marriage among unmarried parents have become major policy concerns because of the strong association between living in an unmarried household and negative social, academic, and behavioral outcomes for children (Amato, 2005; McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994).  Although the increase in nonmarital births has occurred at all education levels and among all race/ethnic groups, the trends have disproportionately affected lower educated and minority women (Ellwood & Jencks, 2004), which is fueling the growing inequality in this country.  A concern is that two very different trajectories have been created for children; one for children born to married parents that is largely advantageous and one for children born to unmarried mothers that is beset with multiple risks (McLanahan, 2004).
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-17.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-17.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [109] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 128
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-15
            [number] => 16
            [title] => Do Local Economic Development Programs Work? Evidence From the Federal Empowerment Zone Program.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Matias Busso, University of Michigan, and Patrick Kline, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper evaluates Round I of the federal urban Empowerment Zone (EZ) program, which constitutes one of the largest standardized federal interventions in impoverished urban American neighborhoods since President Johnson�s Model Cities program. The EZ program is a series of spatially targeted tax incentives and block grants designed to encourage economic, physical, and social investment in the neediest urban and rural areas in the United States. We use four decades of Census data on urban neighborhoods in conjunction with information on the proposed boundaries of rejected EZs to assess the impact of Round I EZ designation on local labor and housing market outcomes over the period 1994-2000.
Utilizing a semi-parametric difference-in-differences estimator we find that neighborhoods receiving EZ designation experienced moderate improvements in labor market conditions and sizeable increases in owner-occupied housing values and rents relative to rejected and future Empowerment Zones. These effects were accompanied by small changes in the demographic composition of the neighborhoods, suggesting that some, though not all, of the observed improvements in EZ neighborhoods are the result of neighborhood churning. No
evidence exists of large scale gentrification, indicating that many of the benefits (and costs) of the program have been captured by pre-existing residents.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-16.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-16.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 35
                            [keyword] => Economic Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 35
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

    [110] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 127
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-15
            [number] => 15
            [title] => Associations of Family Structure States and Transitions During Middle Childhood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Katherine Magnuson, University of Wisconsin�Madison, Lawrence M. Berger, University of Wisconsin�Madison. 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and Hierarchical Linear Models (i.e., multilevel models), we estimate associations of family structure states and transitions with children�s achievement and behavior trajectories during middle childhood. We consider whether these associations vary by children�s ages, as well as the quality of their home environments in early childhood. Results suggest that both residing in and transitioning to a single-mother family during middle childhood is associated with small increases in behavior problems. These associations are stronger for children who experienced higher quality home environments in early childhood. Results for transitions to and residence in step families are less consistent, although we find some evidence that residence in a step family may be associated with small short-term increases in behavior problems. We find little consistent evidence linking any types of family structure states or transitions to children�s achievement during middle childhood.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-15.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-15.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [111] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 126
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-04
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Mismatches and Unmet Need: Access to Social Services in Urban and Rural America.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Scott W. Allard, Brown University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => How do society and our communities assist low-income populations? Typically, welfare cash assistance, Food Stamps, Medicaid, and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) are identified as primary sources of support for poor populations.  These prominent antipoverty programs compose only a part of how society and communities help low-income populations. Instead, social services that promote work activity and greater personal well-being (e.g., job training, adult education, child care, substance abuse or mental health services, temporary emergency assistance) have become a primary method for assisting low-income families.  Whereas annual governmental spending on welfare and the EITC total about $10 billion and $40 billion respectively, governmental expenditures for job training and social service programs reach about $34 billion (in $2006).   Today, social service programs compose a larger share of governmental safety net expenditures than many scholars and policymakers recognize.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-14.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-14.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 50
                            [keyword] => Rural Poverty
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 50
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [112] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 125
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-06-04
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Marriage Patterns among Unwed Mothers: Before and After PRWORA.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Deborah Roempke Graefe, Pennsylvania State University and Daniel T. Lichter, Cornell University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The promotion of marriage and two-parent families became an explicit public policy goal with the passage of the 1996 welfare reform bill.  Marriage has the putative effect of reducing welfare dependency among single mothers, but only if they marry men with earnings sufficient to lift them and their children out of poverty.  Newly released data from the 2002 cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), along with data from the 1995 cycle, allow us to compare pre- and post-PRWORA differences in (1) cumulative marriage rates among unwed mothers; and (2) patterns of marital choice, i.e., differences in characteristics of the men these mothers marry, such as their education and employment status.  Overall, our results show that unwed childbearing is associated with lower marriage rates and marital quality. Although difference-in-difference models show that welfare reform was not strongly associated with changes in marriage among nonmarital birth mothers, marriage rates did not decrease significantly among the most disadvantaged mothers during the post-1996 period.  Compared with other women, nonmarital birth mothers also were less likely to marry "economically attractive" men in the post-welfare reform period.   The success of marriage promotion initiatives may depend heavily on whether women themselves are �marriageable� and whether potential spouses have the ability to support a stable family life.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-13.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-13.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [113] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 124
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-04-24
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Toward a Fuller Understanding of Nonresident Father Involvement: A Joint Examination of Child Support and In-Kind Support Receipt.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven Garasky, Susan D. Stewart, Craig Gundersen, and Brenda J. Lohman, Iowa State University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Whereas less than half of all custodial parents receive child support payments, nearly 60% receive in-kind (i.e., noncash) support of some form. Based on a sample of children with nonresident fathers from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement, this study investigates the determinants of in-kind support receipt from nonresident fathers. Bivariate relationships indicate children from families that receive child support are more likely to receive in-kind support than children who do not. Additionally, children with more involved fathers as measured in terms of visitation quantity and quality are more likely to receive both child support and in-kind support. Multivariate analyses, however, show that the receipt of child support and in-kind support are not significantly related after controlling for other factors, and that visitation is associated with greater receipt of in-kind support, but not child support. The effects of visitation on in-kind support receipt vary by the aspect of visitation considered, by the type of in-kind support examined, and by the income level of the child�s household.  Encouraging involvement by nonresident fathers in the lives of their children may have economic benefits but these benefits may be in the form of in-kind support rather than child support.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-12.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-12.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 33
                            [keyword] => Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                    [1] => 33
                )

        )

    [114] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 123
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-04-23
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Subsidized Contraception, Fertility, and Sexual Behavior.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Melissa S. Kearney, University of Maryland and NBER; and Phillip B. Levine, Wellesley College and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper examines the impact of recent state-level Medicaid policy changes that expanded eligibility for family planning services to higher income women and to Medicaid clients whose benefits would expire otherwise.  We begin by establishing that the income-based policy change led to a substantial increase in the number of program recipients.  We then examine Vital Statistics birth data from 1990 to 2003 and determine that it also reduced overall births to non-teens by about two percent and to teens by over four percent.  Our estimates suggest a nearly nine percent reduction in births to women age 20-44 made eligible by the policy change.  We supplement our state-level analysis with an investigation of individual-level data from the 1988, 1995, and 2002 National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG) to examine the impact of these policies on sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Evidence from this analysis suggests that the reduction in fertility associated with raising income thresholds for eligibility was accomplished via greater use of contraception. Our calculations indicate that allowing higher income women to receive federally-funded family planning cost on the order of $6,800 for each averted birth. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-11.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-11.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [115] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 122
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-03-16
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven Raphael, University of California, Berkeley and Michael A. Stoll, University of California, Los Angeles.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The United States currently incarcerates its residents at a rate that is greater than every other country in the world. Aggregating the state and federal prison populations as well as inmates in local jails, there were 737 inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2005 (International Centre for Prison Studies 2007). This compares with a world average of 166 per 100,000 and an average among European Community member states of 135. Of the approximately 2.1 million U.S. residents incarcerated in 2005, roughly 65 percent were inmates in state and federal prisons while the remaining 35 percent resided in local jails.

Moreover, current U.S. incarceration rates are unusually high relative to historical figures for the U.S. itself. For the fifty year period spanning the 1920s through the mid 1970s, the number of state and federal prisoners per 100,000 varied within a 10 to 20 unit band around a rate of approximately 110. Beginning in the mid 1970s, however, state prison populations grew at an unprecedented rate, nearly quadrupling between the mid 1970s and the present. Concurrently, the rate of incarceration in local jails more than tripled.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-10.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-10.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                )

        )

    [116] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 121
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-02-28
            [number] => 09
            [title] => The Benefits And Costs Of Head Start.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jens Ludwig, Georgetown University, and Deborah A. Phillips, Georgetown University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this essay we review what is known about Head Start and argue that the program is likely to generate benefits to participants and society as a whole that are large enough to justify the program�s costs.  Our conclusions differ importantly from those offered in some previous reviews because we use a more appropriate standard to judge the success of Head Start (namely, benefit-cost analysis), draw on new accumulating evidence for Head Start�s long-term effects on early cohorts of program participants, and discuss why common interpretations of a recent randomized experimental evaluation of Head Start�s short-term impacts may be overly pessimistic.  While in principle there could be more beneficial ways of deploying Head Start resources, the benefits of such changes remain uncertain and there is some downside risk.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-09.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-09.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 37
                            [keyword] => Education and Training Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 37
                )

        )

    [117] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 120
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-02-28
            [number] => 08
            [title] => The Effect of Criminal Background Checks on Hiring Ex-Offenders.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Michael A. Stoll, UCLA School of Public Affairs, and Shawn D. Bushway, University at Albany.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The rapid rise in the nation�s incarceration rate over the past decade has raised questions about how to successfully reintegrate a growing number of ex-offenders.  Employment has been shown to be an important factor in reintegration, especially for men over the age of 27 that characterize the majority of individuals released from prison.  At the same time, there is substantial evidence that employers discriminate against ex-prisoners.  One policy response that has received considerable attention is to deny employers access to criminal history record information, including movements to �ban the box� asking about criminal history information on job applications.   The assumption underlying this movement is that knowledge of ex-offender status leads directly to a refusal to hire.   An alternative view is that some employers care about the characteristics of the criminal history record, and use information about criminal history in a more nuanced, non-discrete way.  This paper explores this question using unique establishment-level data collected in Los Angeles in 2001.   On average, we replicate the now common finding that employer initiated criminal background checks is negatively related to the hiring of ex-offenders.  However, this negative effect is less than complete.  The effect is strongly negative for those employers that are legally required to check.  But some employers appear to check to gain additional information about ex-offenders (and thus hire more ex-offenders than other employers), while checking appears to have no affect on hiring ex-offenders for those employers not legally required to check.  Therefore, initiatives aimed at restricting background checks for those firms not legally required to check may not have the desired consequences of increasing ex-offender employment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-08.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-08.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [118] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 119
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-02-26
            [number] => 07
            [title] => Race and Revitalization in the Rust Belt: A Motor City Story.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Reynolds Farley, University of Michigan; Mick Couper, University of Michigan; and Maria Krysan, University of Chicago at Chicago.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => On Saturday evening, July 22, 1967 two black undercover Detroit police officers, Charles Henry and Joseph Brown, sought unsuccessfully to enter an illegal drinking spot at the corner of 12th and Clairmount on the city�s west side. About 3:30 on Sunday morning they slipped into the blind pig, expecting to find a dozen or so clients. Since the plainclothes officers did not return promptly, the back-up officers on the street broke down the door, rushed the place and declared a raid. Patronizing after-hours drinking spots in Detroit was not a major crime. Customers were typically booked and released while the owner was charged, released and later paid a fine. Instead of just a few drinkers, the officers found a crowd of 85 African-Americans, some celebrating the return of two servicemen from Vietnam. The officers held the crowd of law violators on 12th street until police wagons arrived�a slow process because of the large number. By 5 AM on Sunday morning, hostile crowds gathered. Their remarks for the police were not complementary. Some of them yelled Black Power slogans and called for violence. By 6:00 AM, windows were being smashed and by 7, Detroit police alerted State Police, the National Guard and the FBI of a possible riot. By 8 AM, the police estimated that 3,000 were in the area starting to smash windows and loot. Hardys, a black-owned pharmacy, was the first store to go.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 35
                            [keyword] => Economic Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 35
                    [1] => 48
                    [2] => 52
                )

        )

    [119] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 118
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-02-15
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Methodological Frontiers of Public Finance Field Experiments.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jeffrey R. Kling, The Brookings Institution.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a rich array of methods can be applied to increase the relevance of field experiments in public economics. Two cross-cutting themes are important in multiple phases of the research. First, greater statistical sophistication can draw more value from a field experiment without obscuring the simple and compelling information from the differences in average outcomes of intervention and control groups. Second, the methodological frontier is interdisciplinary, drawing on knowledge and techniques developed in psychology, anthropology, and sociology that can be adapted in order to make public finance field experiments more useful. Keywords:  social experiment; program evaluation; mixed methods
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-06.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-06.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 49
                )

        )

    [120] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 117
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-02-08
            [number] => 05
            [title] => The Influence of Early-Life Events on Human Capital, Health Status, and Labor Market Outcomes Over the Life Course.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rucker C. Johnson, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, Robert F. Schoeni, ISR, Ford School of Public Policy, and Department of Economics, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Using nationally representative data from the US, this study provides evidence on the relationship between early life conditions and cognition, human capital accumulation, labor market outcomes, and health status in adulthood. We find that poor health at birth and limited parental resources (including low income, lack of health insurance, and unwanted pregnancy) interfere with cognitive development and health capital in childhood, reduce educational attainment, and lead to worse labor market and health outcomes in adulthood. These effects are substantial and are robust to the inclusion of sibling fixed effects and an extensive set of controls. The results reveal that low birth weight ages people
in their 30s and 40s by 12 years, increases the probability of dropping out of high school by one-third, lowers labor force participation by 5 percentage points, and reduces labor market earnings by roughly 15 percent. Not only are socioeconomic factors determinants of poor birth outcomes, but they also influence the lasting impacts of poor infant health. In particular, the negative long-run consequences of low birth weight are larger among children whose parents did not have health insurance. While poor birth outcomes reduce human capital accumulation, they explain only 10% of the total effect of low birth weight on labor market earnings. The study also finds that racial differences in adult health can be explained by a few early life factors: birth weight, parental income, and parental health insurance coverage. Finally, the paper sheds light on the well known strong relationship between education and health outcomes; we find that sibling models that account for time-invariant family factors reduce the effects of education on health substantially, but the remaining effects are large. Taken together, the evidence is consistent with a negative reinforcing intergenerational transmission of disadvantage within the family; parental economic status influences birth outcomes, birth outcomes have long reaching effects on health and economic status in adulthood, which in turn leads to poor birth outcomes for one�s own children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper05-07.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper05-07.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 42
                )

        )

    [121] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 116
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-01-25
            [number] => 04
            [title] => The Economic Costs of Poverty in the United States: Subsequent Effects of Children Growing Up Poor.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University and the Urban Institute, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, University of Chicago, and Greg J. Duncan, Northwestern University, and Jens Ludwig, Georgetown University and National Bureau of Economic Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => In this paper, we review a range of rigorous research studies that estimate the average statistical relationships between children growing up in poverty and their earnings, propensity to commit crime, and quality of health later in life. We also review estimates of the costs that crime and poor health per person impose on the economy. Then we aggregate all of these average costs per poor child across the total number of children growing up in poverty in the U.S. to estimate the aggregate costs of child poverty to the U.S. economy. Our results suggest that the costs to the U.S. associated with childhood poverty total about $500B per year, or the equivalent of nearly 4 percent of GDP. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-04.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-04.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 32
                    [2] => 38
                )

        )

    [122] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 115
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-01-25
            [number] => 03
            [title] => Children�s Time Use And Parental Involvement In Low-Income Families.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => W. Jean Yeung, New York University and Rebecca Glauber, New York University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Despite evidence of a small decline in child poverty during the second half of the 1990s, recent reports from the United States Census Bureau have shown that the number of children living in poverty increased by nearly one-half million in one year. In 2002, 16.7% of children lived in households where total household income was below the official federal poverty line. Children under age six and living in female-headed households are particularly vulnerable to poverty. In 2002, 48.6% of these children lived in households where total household income was below the official federal poverty line. This is five times the rate of poverty for children under age six living in households with two married parents (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2003). Another recent trend that has significant policy implications is the steady increase in the percentage of poor children who live with working parents (Child Trends Databank, 2003). Twenty-seven million American children live in families in which their parents make less than twice the official federal poverty line, and more than 85% of these children have at least one working parent (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2004).
Recent welfare reform policies which have increased the work requirements of welfare recipients raise important and new questions regarding parents� work-family tradeoffs and the effects of these tradeoffs on children�s well-being. While some researchers and policymakers argue that children will benefit from the regularity and routine provided by working parents, others express concern over the likely negative consequences of employment policies which could potentially lead to a reduction in the amount of time that parents spend with their children (Huston, 2002).

            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-03.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-03.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [123] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 114
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-01-25
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Black-White Achievement Gap and Family Wealth.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => W. Jean Yeung, New York University and Dalton Conley, New York University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper examines the extent to which family wealth affects the race-child achievement association for young children based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We found little evidence that wealth mediates the black-white test scores gap. However, liquid assets, particularly holding in stocks and mutual funds, are positively associated with schoolaged children�s test scores. We speculate that this may partly reflect unmeasured personality
traits of the parents such as a stronger future orientation or the financial savvy. We also found that the association was mediated through both material deprivation and family processes pathways. We made an attempt to strengthen the causal inference between wealth and children�s test scores with the instrumental variable approach, the results were nevertheless inconclusive.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-02.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-02.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [124] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 113
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-01-25
            [number] => 01
            [title] => Maternal Work Hours and Adolescents� School Outcomes Among Low-Income Families in Four Urban Counties.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lisa A. Gennetian, MDRC, and Leonard M. Lopoo, Syracuse University, and Andrew S. London, Syracuse University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We examine how changes in maternal work hours affect adolescent children�s school participation and performance outcomes using data from interviews in 1998 and 2001 with 1,700 women who in May 1995 were welfare-reliant, single mothers of adolescents living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in four urban counties. We find unfavorable effects of maternal work hours on several aspects of adolescents� schooling: Full-time maternal employment (31 hours or more per week) increases the likelihood of skipping school, decreases school performance, and increases the likelihood of parent contact by a school about behavior problems.
Sons seem to be particularly sensitive to changes in mothers� average hours of work, with notable increases in incidences of being late for school and declines in school performance when mothers work more hours. These findings hold up controlling for a rich array of mothers� characteristics, including their  psychological and physical health and experiences with domestic violence and substance abuse, as well as unobserved time-invariant characteristics of the adolescent.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-01.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper07-01.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 54
                )

        )

    [125] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 112
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-12-18
            [number] => 46
            [title] => Cultural Context, Sexual Behavior, and Romantic Relationships in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David J. Harding, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => When culture is invoked to understand the consequences of growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods, the isolation of ghetto residents from mainstream institutions and mainstream culture is often emphasized. This paper attempts to reorient current theorizing about the cultural context of disadvantaged neighborhoods, particularly when it comes to adolescent decision-making and behavior. It argues that rather than being characterized by the dominance of �oppositional� or �ghetto-specific� cultures, disadvantaged neighborhoods are characterized by cultural heterogeneity: a wide array of competing and conflicting cultural models. These ideas are applied to sexual behavior and romantic relationships among adolescents using survey data from Addhealth. Analyses show that disadvantaged neighborhoods exhibit greater heterogeneity in cultural frames and scripts and that, in more heterogeneous neighborhoods, adolescents� frames and scripts are poorly predictive of their actual behavior.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-46.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-46.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

    [126] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 111
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-12-18
            [number] => 45
            [title] => Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Developmental Science: Uses and Methodological Choices.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Harvard University; Thomas S. Weisner, University of California, Los Angeles; Ariel Kalil, University of Chicago; Niobe Way, New York University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Multiple methods are vital to understanding development conceptualized as a dynamic, transactional process.  This article focuses on the ways in which quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be combined to enrich developmental science and the study of human development, focusing on the practical questions of �when� and �how�.  In particular, we highlight research situations that may be especially suited to mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches. We also discuss some of the critical choices confronting mixed quantitative / qualitative approaches in the phases of study design, sampling, construction of measures or interview protocols, and data analysis.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-45.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-45.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 49
                )

        )

    [127] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 110
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-11-09
            [number] => 44
            [title] => Immigrants and Neighborhoods of Concentrated Poverty: Assimilation or Stagnation?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paul A. Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Immigrants and their children often live, at least for a time, in neighborhoods that have high concentrations of fellow immigrants.  Typically these neighborhoods also have high poverty levels are located near concentrations of the native-born poor.  The conventional wisdom is that living in extremely poor neighborhoods leads to �concentration effects� that exacerbate the problems of poverty and limit economic opportunity (Wilson 1987).  While immigrants are not immune to the problems of crime, gangs, dilapidated housing, and failing schools associated with high-poverty neighborhoods, it has been argued that immigrant neighborhoods provide advantages as well.  These include the creation of parallel institutions, vernacular information networks, and familiar cultural practices.  The analyses presented here provide some support for this notion, by showing immigrants progress from higher- to lower-poverty neighborhoods over time.  Yet Mexican immigrants do not transition nearly as rapidly.  More importantly, concentration of poverty diminishes the economic outcomes of the young Hispanic adults in the second generation.  They are less likely to enter the labor force, less likely to be employed, and receive lower earnings if they live in metropolitan areas where they had a greater probability of exposure to high-poverty neighborhoods as children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-44.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-44.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [128] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 109
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-11-09
            [number] => 43
            [title] => White-Collar Woes: Later-Career Job Displacement in the �New Risk Economy.�
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ruby Mendenhall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ariel Kalil, University of Chicago; Laurel J. Spindel, University of Chicago; and Cassandra Hart, Northwestern University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We use a life course framework to examine how the �new risk economy� has left middle-aged executives and managers more vulnerable to job loss and unemployment despite high levels of human capital.  Using in-depth qualitative data from 77 recently-unemployed white-collar workers, we examine perceptions of macro-economic forces and their implications for respondents� career-recovery plans and expectations for their own and their children�s future career prospects.  In analyzing respondents� decisions and behavior in response to perceived opportunities and constraints, we find a �free-agent� mentality in the face of declines in employer loyalty.  Age bias in a highly competitive labor market is perceived as a major impediment to job recovery.  Finally, respondents make mastering the �new risk economy� a developmental goal for themselves and their children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-43.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-43.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [129] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 108
            [active] => 0
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-11-08
            [number] => 43
            [title] => 
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We use a life course framework to examine how the �new risk economy� has left middle-aged executives and managers more vulnerable to job loss and unemployment despite high levels of human capital.  Using in-depth qualitative data from 77 recently-unemployed white-collar workers, we examine perceptions of macro-economic forces and their implications for respondents� career-recovery plans and expectations for their own and their children�s future career prospects.  In analyzing respondents� decisions and behavior in response to perceived opportunities and constraints, we find a �free-agent� mentality in the face of declines in employer loyalty.  Age bias in a highly competitive labor market is perceived as a major impediment to job recovery.  Finally, respondents make mastering the �new risk economy� a developmental goal for themselves and their children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/FordEstimate.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'FordEstimate.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

        )

    [130] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 107
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-31
            [number] => 42
            [title] => The Social Costs of Concentrated Poverty: Externalities to Neighboring Households and Property Owners and the Dynamics of Decline.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => George C. Galster, Wayne State University; Jackie M. Cutsinger, Wayne State University; and Ron Malega, University of Georgia
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => We investigate theoretically and empirically two interrelated potential
consequences of the spatial concentration of poverty: negative externalities to proximate residents (stimulation of socially harmful behaviors like crime) and property owners (reduced maintenance and, in the extreme, abandonment). Inasmuch as these consequences are capitalized into property values, we use changes in these values to make a rough estimate of the aggregate dollar costs to American society of the aforementioned externalities. We demonstrate the conceptual importance of threshold effects in the analysis of the potential costs of concentrated poverty to the society as a whole. 

We develop three theoretical models of the consequences of concentrated poverty: (1) micro-level, explaining how/why such would affect household behavior; (2) micro-level, explaining how/why such would affect property owner behavior; (3) meso-level, explaining how concentrated poverty, household behaviors and owner behaviors interrelate when
aggregated to the neighborhood level in a mutually causal way.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-42.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-42.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 43
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

    [131] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 106
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-31
            [number] => 41
            [title] => The New Employment Contract and Worker Health in the United States.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Richard H. Price, University of Michigan, and Sarah A. Burgard, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Historically there have been three arenas of policy debate in the United States relevant to the health effects of employment for workers and their families. First, the physical environment of the workplace and its health impact has been a major arena of policy debate. The pathways from the physical environment to health include exposure to chemical and biological hazards leading to disease, as well as physical risks to safety. Second, the demanding nature of work activities themselves has also been the topic of policy debate. The pathway from work activity to health most often implicates work stressors involving too little task control and high levels of demand, and the biological consequences of stress in response to work demands. 

Most recently, the contractual nature of jobs, their insecurity and their lack of benefits, has become a third major arena of policy debate. Here the pathway to ill health involves the stressful anticipation of involuntary job loss, the stresses associated with economic hardship following job loss, and the health-compromising conditions associated with managing part time nonstandard jobs that lack predictability, adequate benefits, and adequate income.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-41.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-41.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [132] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 105
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-31
            [number] => 40
            [title] => Welfare Reform and Indirect Impacts on Health.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marianne P. Bitler, Public Policy Institute of California, and Hilary W. Hoynes, University of California, Davis and NBER 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Beginning in the early 1990s, many states used waivers to reform their Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) programs. This state experimentation resulted in landmark legislation which in 1996 eliminated AFDC and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). TANF�like the earlier AFDC program�provides cash grants to low income families with children and is a key element of the nation�s economic safety net. The roots of this reform lie in long time concern that AFDC led to reductions in work, decreases in marriage, and increases in nonmarital births among low income women.

The stated goals of welfare reform are to increase work, reduce dependency on welfare, reduce births outside marriage, and to increase the formation of two parent families. Evaluating the impacts of state and federal welfare reform is the subject of a large and growing literature.1 In this paper, we summarize what is known about the impacts of welfare reform on health insurance, health care utilization, and health status.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                (
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                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-40.pdf
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                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-40.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

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                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

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                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 53
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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 104
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-19
            [number] => 39
            [title] => Space and Change in the Measurement of Poverty Concentration: Detroit in the 1990s.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Joe Grengs, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => Standard measures of poverty concentration may not accurately reflect neighborhood conditions because they offer a weak link to the underlying geography of a neighborhood. Changes in the spatial configuration within a census tract can have the effect of increasing or decreasing the density of poverty, and the cities that showed the most dramatic improvement in census tract rates simultaneously faced substantial and potentially damaging shifts in land use. This paper uses a dasymetric mapping technique in a raster GIS environment to intersect population data in a block group layer with land-use categories from a land-use layer. I produce poverty counts and rates at a much finer spatial resolution than a block group, with an explicit spatial relationship between population and surrounding neighborhood characteristics. I illustrate the technique for the City of Detroit by measuring poverty concentration change between 1990 and 2000. I find that (a) a substantially larger share of poor people in 2000 lived in places that exceeded the standard 40-percent threshold than is calculated by the aspatial census-tract approach; (b) poverty became more concentrated in space during the 1990s counter to the reports of diminishing poverty concentration that are based on the share of poor people in high-poverty tracts; and
(c) poverty improved where neighboring land-use conditions also improved.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-39.pdf
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                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 52
                )

        )

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            [publication_id] => 103
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-12
            [number] => 38
            [title] => Why Are Black-Owned Businesses Less Successful than White-Owned Businesses?  The Role of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert W. Fairlie, University of California, Santa Cruz and Alicia M. Robb, University of California, Santa Cruz.
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
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            [abstract] => Using confidential microdata from the Characteristics of Business Owners, we examine why African-American owned businesses lag substantially behind white-owned businesses in sales, profits, employment, and survival.  Black business owners are much less likely than white owners to have had a self-employed family member owner prior to starting their business and are less likely to have worked in that family member's business.  Using a nonlinear decomposition technique, we find that the lack of prior work experience in a family business among black business owners, perhaps by limiting their acquisition of general and specific business human capital, negatively affects black business outcomes.
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            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                (
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                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
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                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

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                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 48
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        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 102
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-03
            [number] => 37
            [title] => An Assessment of the Income and Expenses of America�s Low-Income Families Using Survey Data from the National Survey of America�s Families.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Gregory Acs, The Urban Institute, and Austin Nichols, The Urban Institute.
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [1] => <A HREF="http://www.myfiles.com/papers/filename.ppt">Download Power Point slides</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The policy community is increasingly focusing attention on alleviating the strain on low-income working families, particularly those with children. Research has examined the size and characteristics of low-income working families, the amounts and sources of income available to them, and, to a lesser extent, the expenses that these families face, such as housing or medical expenses. This paper seeks to unify discussions of income and expenses, to see if low-income working families are able to meet their expenses with the limited resources at their disposal.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-37.pdf
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
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                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
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                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 49
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            [publication_id] => 101
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-10-03
            [number] => 36
            [title] => Assessing Expenditures on Children in Low-Income, Ethnically Diverse and Immigrant Families.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Julieta Lugo-Gil, Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., and Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Harvard University
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.myfiles.com/papers/filename.pdf">Download in pdf format</A>

                    [1] => <A HREF="http://www.myfiles.com/papers/filename.ppt">Download Power Point slides</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We present evidence from qualitative and survey data on expenditures on children, collected on samples of low-income Mexican, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Chinese, and African American families. Qualitative data suggested the need to modify survey approaches to assessing child-specific investments in lowerincome, ethnically diverse and immigrant U.S. families. We develop a survey instrument of expenditures on children that addresses several points from the qualitative findings. First, we introduce measures of child-specific expenditures in a wider range of categories. Second, we account for expenditures on children paid for by people outside the sampled household. Third, we consider access to consumption of goods and services through agencies and programs. Fourth, we adjust the time frame of questions so as to encourage response precision. Fifth, we consider definitions of household that may be more appropriate to lower-income and/or ethnically diverse families. Finally, we ask respondents to estimate the value of inkind contributions from family or friends. Although expenditure surveys do not measure consumption directly, the measures we propose show promise in improving assessment of expenditures in ethnically diverse and immigrant families and allow for a clearer distinction between expenditures on and consumption of the children in these families.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-36.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-36.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

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                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 48
                    [2] => 49
                )

        )

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            [publication_id] => 100
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-09-26
            [number] => 35
            [title] => Three Decades of Consumption and Income Poverty.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bruce D. Meyer, University of Chicago and NBER, and James X. Sullivan, University of Notre Dame
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
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            [abstract] => This paper examines the measurement of poverty in the United States from 1972 through 2004. We investigate how poverty rates and poverty gaps have changed over time, explore how these trends differ across demographic groups, and contrast these trends for several different income and
consumption based measures of poverty. We also examine how sensitive different measures of poverty are to assumptions about equivalence scales, price adjustments, and the definition of the resource sharing unit. We document sharp differences, particularly in recent years, between different income based poverty measures, and between income and consumption based poverty rates and gaps. We find that sensible changes from the official price index and resource sharing unit tend to lead to substantial declines in measured income poverty rates, but our equivalence scale changes have only a small impact. We show moving from the official pre-tax money income measure to a disposable income measure that incorporates transfers and fringe benefits has a substantial effect on poverty rate changes over the past two decades. Furthermore, consumption based poverty rates often indicate large declines, even in recent years when income based poverty rates have risen. The patterns are very different across demographic groups, with aggregation hiding generally larger differences between income and consumption poverty rate changes, especially for the elderly.
Income and consumption measures of deep poverty and poverty gaps have generally moved sharply in opposite directions in the last two decades with income deep poverty and poverty gaps rising, but consumption based deep poverty and poverty gaps falling. Although there are some practical
limitations to an official, consumption based measure of poverty, we argue that consumption poverty is preferred for measuring changes in the well-being of the worst off.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-35.pdf
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                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-35.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                )

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                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [138] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 98
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-09-22
            [number] => 34
            [title] => The impact of young motherhood on Education, Employment and Marriage.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bruce Bradbury, University of New South Wales
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => The poor socio-economic outcomes of women who have their first child when young are well documented. However, the policy implications of this association depend upon the causal mechanisms that underlie it. Recent studies in the US and UK have used miscarriage as an instrument to identify the direct causal impact of young childbearing � with US research suggesting that early child-bearing may even have a beneficial impact upon mother�s outcomes. This paper examines this issue using a new Australian panel of young women. 
No evidence is found for an adverse impact of young childbirth on education, labour market, income or location. Instead these outcomes follow the patterns that might be expected on the basis of selection effects. On the other hand, young motherhood does have an impact on partnering outcomes. Being a young mother reduces the likelihood of being legally married (instead of defacto partnered) when aged in the late 20s. Also, having a child in the early rather than late 20s leads to a greater likelihood of being a lone parent at around age 30.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-34.pdf
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                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-34.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 39
                )

        )

    [139] => Array
        (
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            [publication_id] => 99
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-09-22
            [number] => 33
            [title] => The Changing Spatial Concentration of America�s Rural Poor Population.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel T. Lichter, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, and Kenneth Johnson, Loyola University of Chicago. 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper documents changing patterns of concentrated poverty in nonmetro areas. Data from the 1970 through 2000 U.S. Census Summary Files reveal the changing shares of poor people and children living in rural counties with disproportionately poor populations. Nonmetro poverty rates -- both overall and for children -- declined more rapidly than metro rates in the 1990s. The 1990s also brought large reductions in the number of high-poverty nonmetro counties, and declines in the share of rural people, including rural poor people, who were living in them. In particular, the number and percentage of rural people living in extremely poor counties (i.e., over 40 percent) declined dramatically. This suggests a "drying up" of America�s rural pockets of poverty and indicates a decline in spatial inequality in nonmetro America, at least at the county level. On a less optimistic note, concentrated poverty among rural minorities remains exceptionally high (e.g., almost one-half of rural blacks live in poor counties). Moreover, the recent transformation of concentrated rural poverty may be short-lived. Rural children -- especially rural minority children -- have poverty rates well above national and nonmetro rates, the concentration of rural minority children is often extreme (i.e., over 90 percent lived in high-poverty counties), and the number of nonmetro counties with high levels of persistent child poverty remains high. Rural children may be more disadvantaged than ever, if measured by their lack of exposure to middle-class role models, and their economic divergence with the rest of the nation�s children.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-33.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-33.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 50
                            [keyword] => Rural Poverty
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                )

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                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 50
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        )

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            [publication_id] => 96
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-09-12
            [number] => 32
            [title] => Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Carolyn J. Hill, Georgetown University and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => 
            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper analyzes labor market behaviors for young adults, their changing patterns for cohorts that are twenty years apart, and their associations with transitions to adulthood as measured by living with parents, being married, or cohabiting.  We analyze these issues using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), specifically focusing on young people ages 20-22 in 1984 and 2002. Consistent with data from other sources, we find that youth in the later cohort tend to live at home or cohabit with greater frequency, but to marry less frequently, than those in the earlier cohort. These findings can be observed among youth in all education/enrollments groups and all race/gender groups. Regression analyses show evidence of some link between contemporaneous labor market outcomes and living arrangements, but these effects are too small to account for changes over time in these behaviors. We also find some relationships between academic and labor market outcomes as well as risky behaviors of youth during high school, on the one hand; and later labor market outcomes and living arrangements, on the other. These suggest the presence of unmeasured characteristics (like independence, maturity and the like) that help to account for differences across individuals in their living arrangements as young adults.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [documents] => Array
                (
                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-32.pdf
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                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-32.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

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                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 54
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        )

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            [publication_id] => 95
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-09-10
            [number] => 31
            [title] => Micro-simulating Child Poverty in Great Britain in 2010 and 2020.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mike Brewer, Institute for Fiscal Studies; and James Browne, Institute for Fiscal Studies; and Professor Holly Sutherland, Institute for Economic and Social Research, University of Essex.
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                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper31/working_paper06-31.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper shows prospects for child poverty in Great Britain, as defined by the current British government, in 2010/11 and 2020/21 under various demographic, economic and policy scenarios. It uses a static micro-simulation model, with projections of some key economic and demographic characteristics. It shows prospects for child poverty in Great Britain in 2010/11 and 2020/21 under current government policies, and quantifies the impact of possible tax and benefit changes that could be implemented by 2010 and 2020.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 46
                            [keyword] => International and Cross National Comparisons of Poverty and Inequality
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 46
                )

        )

    [142] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 94
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-08-16
            [number] => 30
            [title] => Developmental Health Effects of Human Development Policies.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel P. Keating, University of Michigan and Sharon Z. Simonton, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper30/working_paper06-30.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A growing body of evidence documents the substantial effects on health of social policies whose focus is not on health per se, such as those in this volume that explicitly target areas such as income support, housing, civil rights, and other social policy arenas.  In this chapter, we examine evidence for the health effects of policies designed to address human development, with a particular emphasis on early childhood development policies.  Because human development policies have typically played a minor role in policy discussions about health, we first define their scope and outline a general conceptual framework to support their relevance.  We then review evidence to illustrate their connection with health.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [143] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 93
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-08-03
            [number] => 29
            [title] => How Well Can We Measure the Well-Being of the Poor Using Food Expenditure?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Thomas DeLeire, Michigan State University and Congressional Budget Office; and Helen Levy, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper29/working_paper06-29.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => How well does data on expenditure measure consumption? Because time is an important input into consumption that is typically not priced, spending data may not reflect true consumption. This problem may be particularly pronounced when using food spending because households' food consumption is a combination of home production (cooking at home) and market production (eating out). We find using both the Consumer Expenditure Diary Survey and the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey that food away from home made up an increasingly large share of poor households' food budgets between 1992 and 2000. Total food spending may have increased even if food consumed did not, and analyses of well-being that rely on total food spending may reach erroneous conclusions as a result. We also find that the share of poor households' income that is from work also increased over this period. The incentives that increase work would also be expected to cause a shift from home production to market production. For this reason, the very economic and policy changes that researchers seek to evaluate may introduce bias into the data used to evaluate them. Our results suggest that caution is in order when using total food spending as a summary measure of how the well-being of the poor has changed over time.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [144] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 92
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-08-02
            [number] => 28
            [title] => The Effects of Welfare and Child Support Policies on Maternal Health and Wellbeing
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jean Knab, Princeton University; Irv Garfinkel, Columbia University; Sara McLanahan, Princeton University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper28/working_paper06-28.pdf
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper28/working_paper06-28.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Previous research indicates that welfare reform policies � work requirements, sanctions, and child support enforcement � had negative consequences for mothers health insurance coverage and use of health care service, but there is very little evidence that these policies affected maternal health. This paper examines the effects of post-reform welfare and child support policies on maternal health and health behavior using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Results suggest that increases in welfare generosity are associated with increases in mental health at low levels of generosity and decreases in mental health at high levels of generosity. The effects on smoking, however, go in the opposite direction. Increases in the stringency of child support enforcement are associated with decreases in mental health. That generous welfare and stringent child support enforcement may negatively affect mother's mental health is surprising and worrisome.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 53
                )

        )

    [145] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 91
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-07-24
            [number] => 27
            [title] => Income Support Policies and Health among the Elderly
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Pamela Herd, University of Wisconsin, Madison; James House, University of Michigan; and Robert F. Schoeni, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper27/working_paper06-27.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper27/working_paper06-27.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => There is increasing evidence that health care accounts for only a modest fraction of the variation in individual and population health (McGinnis et al. 2002). This begins to explain why the U.S. lags behind most other wealthy nations in life expectancy and infant mortality, although the U.S. spends far more on health care and biomedical research than any other nation (United Nations Development Programme 2004).  At the same time, there are strong and well documented associations between health and socioeconomic factors. This suggests that �nonhealth� factors - i.e., social and economic determinants - and related policies deserve heightened attention, alongside biomedical factors, in determining individual and population health. Although researchers and policymakers increasingly recognize the general importance of social and economic factors for health, the peer-review research literature includes very limited research on or discussion of the health effects of public policy in these �nonhealth� domains.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [146] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 90
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-07-20
            [number] => 26
            [title] => Macroeconomic Conditions, Health and Government Policy
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Christopher J. Ruhm, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper26/working_paper06-26.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper26/working_paper06-26.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Many government policies influence short and medium-run economic performance.  Some, such as the monetary and interest rate targets, are explicitly designed to stabilize the economy. Fiscal policy has the potential to play a similar role, although it is not aggressively used for this purpose in the United States.  The unemployment insurance and federal income tax systems act as "automatic stabilizers" because they make government spending more expansionary in economic downturns and less so during booms. Other programs, such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), increase incomes during expansions, when work is easier to find, and so operate in the opposite direction (Edwards, 2005). Spending by local governments also tends to be procyclical, since most states are required to balance their budgets and receive greater tax revenue when the economy is doing well. These policies have been widely examined.  Even when their primary purpose is unrelated to macroeconomic performance, the effects on these economic outcomes are at least partially understood.  For instance, extensive research examines how the EITC affects labor supply and consumption decisions (Meyer & Rosenbaum, 2001; Eissa & Hoynes, 2004; Edwards, 2004).  However, macroeconomic conditions, and the government policies that affect them, may have unexpected and less studied consequences for population health. Health is conventionally believed to improve during economic expansions and deteriorate in downturns.  Yet the empirical evidence supporting this view is quite weak and comes from studies containing methodological shortcomings that are difficult to remedy.  Recent research, using methods that better control for many sources of omitted variables bias, suggests that mortality decreases and many aspects of physical (although not necessarily mental) health improve when the economy temporarily weakens.  This partially reflects reductions in external sources of death, such as traffic fatalities and other accidents, as well as environmental factors like decreases in pollution.  However, changes in lifestyles and health behaviors also play a role and the mechanisms for these effects seem less obvious.  This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on these issues, beginning with a discussion of the shortcomings of the more extensive analyses using multiple years of data for a single geographic location.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [147] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 89
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-07-14
            [number] => 25
            [title] => Lifting Gates--Lengthening Lives: Did Civil Rights Policies Improve the Health of African-American Women in the 1960's and 1970's?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => George Kaplan, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan; Nalini Ranjit, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan; Sarah Burgard, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper25/working_paper06-25.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper25/working_paper06-25.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Based on literally thousands of studies carried out over many decades, it is increasingly accepted that social and socioeconomic conditions act as important determinants of both individual health and the health of populations (Kaplan et al. 1987; Kaplan and Lynch 1997). Wages, income, and wealth, the nature of work, investments in human capital, and the levels of resources and risks in communities are now recognized by many, as arguably the most critical determinants of health (Kaplan 2001; Evans et al. 1994). It seems possible that social and economic policies in their ability to alter these determinants might also impact health, even though that is not their primary intent. Furthermore there is increasing recognition that historical and contemporary forces that differentially distribute these determinants to racial groups, within and across generations, may underlie many of the pernicious health gaps between racial groups that are found in the United States (Williams and Collins 1995).
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [148] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 88
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-07-11
            [number] => 24
            [title] => Redlining Or Risk? A Spatial Analysis of Auto Insurance Rates in Los Angeles
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paul M. Ong, School of Public Affairs, UCLA; and Michael A. Stoll, School of Public Affairs, UCLA
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper24/working_paper06-24.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper24/working_paper06-24.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Auto insurance rates can vary dramatically, with much higher premiums in poor and minority areas than elsewhere, even after accounting for individual characteristics, driving history and coverage. This paper uses a unique data set to examine the relative influence of place-based socioeconomic characteristics (or �redlining�) and place-based risk factors on the place-based component of automobile insurance premiums. We use a novel approach of combining tract-level census data and car insurance rate quotes from multiple companies for sub-areas within the city of Los Angeles. The quotes are for an individual with identical demographic and auto characteristics, driving records and insurance coverage. This method allows the individual demographic and driving record to be fixed.Multivariate models are then used to estimate the independent contributions of these risk and �redlining� factors to the place-based component of the car insurance premium. We find that both risk and �redlining� factors are associated with variations in insurance costs in the place-based component, with black and poor neighborhoods being adversely affected, although risk factors are stronger predictors. However, even after risk factors are taken into account in the model specification, SES factors remain statistically significant. Moreover, simulations show that �redlining� factors explain more of the gap in auto insurance premiums between black (and Latino) and white neighborhoods and between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [149] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 87
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-07-06
            [number] => 23
            [title] => Can Ethnicity Transcend Race and Poverty? Insights from Source Country Variation in Immigrant Student Achievement
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Dylan Conger, School of Public Policy and Public Administration, The George Washington University. 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper23/working_paper06-23.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper23/working_paper06-23.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Today�s immigrant children are predominantly poor and nonwhite yet many outperform their native-born same-race peers in school. One predominant theory suggests that the social capital of some immigrant communities buffer children from the negative effects of poverty, minority race, and failing inner-city schools. This paper asks how frequently and for which immigrant does this ethnic advantage transcend racial and socioeconomic barriers to achievement. The paper compares the 27 largest source country groups in New York City to white native-born on their background characteristics, schools, and test scores. It searches for examples of ethnicity transcending race and poverty in those groups who are poor and nonwhite but who test equal to or above white native-born students. Few such examples are found.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 44
                )

        )

    [150] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 84
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 22
            [title] => The Effects of Male Incarceration Dynamics on AIDS Infection Rates among African-American Women and Men
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rucker C. Johnson, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; Steven Raphael, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper22/working_paper06-22.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper22/working_paper06-22.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper, we investigate the potential connection between incarceration dynamics and AIDS infection rates, with a particular emphasis on the black-white AIDS rate disparity. Using caselevel data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we construct a panel data set of AIDS infection rates covering the period 1982 to 1996 that vary by year of onset, mode of transmission, state of residence, age, gender, and race/ethnicity.  Using data from the U.S. Census, we construct a conforming panel of male and female incarceration rates. We use this panel data to model the dynamic relationship between the male and female AIDSi nfection rates and the proportion of men in the age/state/race-matched cohort that are incarcerated. We find very strong effects of male incarceration rates on both male and female AIDS infection rates. The dynamic structure of this relationship parallels the distribution of the incubation time between HIV infection and the onset of full-blown AIDS documented in the medical and epidemiological literature. These results are robust to explicit controls for (race-specific) year fixed effects and a fully interacted set of age/race/state fixed effects.   Our results reveal that the higher incarceration rates among black males over this period explain the lion's share of the racial disparity in AIDS infection between black women and women of other racial and ethnic groups. The magnitude and significance of these effects persist after controlling for measures of crack cocaine prevalence and flow rates in and out of prison.   In a separate analysis, we exploit the occurrence of system-wide state prison overcrowding litigation as an instrumental variable for the flow rate of prison releases. We find short-run increases in prison release rates that were induced by final court decisions on relief of prisoner overcrowding resulted in significant increases in subsequent AIDS infection rates among women and blacks, manifesting 5-10 years following the increase of prison releases.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [151] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 86
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 21
            [title] => Socioeconomic Gradients in Early Child Health Across Race, Ethnicity and Nativity
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Columbia University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper21/working_paper06-21.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper21/working_paper06-21.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => There are large disparities in child health by family socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES mothers are much more likely to have poor birth outcomes (infant mortality, low birth weight and preterm births) (Cramer 1995; Kramer et al. 2000) and are much more likely to have children with a variety of health problems than mothers of higher SES (Spencer 2003; Wood 2003). Prior research has concluded that there are gradients in the relationship between SES and adult health (Link and Phelan 1995; Marmot, Kogevinas and Elston 1987).  In other words, this relationship is not only present when comparing extremes of SES, but at each level, with those who are economically better off being more healthy than those just below them in the distribution. More recent research has shown that this SES health gradient exists for various measures of child health, as well (Case, Lubotsky and Paxson 2002; Chen, Matthews and Boyce 2002). In the United States, these disparities go hand in hand with race and ethnicity, and are especially evident in poor health outcomes for black children, who are also much more likely to be of low socioeconomic status.   However, some ethnic minority groups appear to have much more favorable child health outcomes than would be expected given their socioeconomic status. Therefore, it appears that the relationship between socioeconomic status and child health may differ substantially across racial, ethnic and immigrant groups in the United States, but very little is known about these interactions.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [152] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 85
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 20
            [title] => Did the Introduction of Food Stamps Affect Birth Outcomes in California?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Janet Currie, Columbia University; Enrico Moretti, University of California, Berkeley.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper20/working-paper06-20.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper20/working-paper06-20.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Do welfare programs that raise the income of poor mothers affect infant mortality? Over the 1960s, U.S. infant mortality fell dramatically. The white rate fell from 23 to 17 per 1,000, while the African-American rate fell from 43 to 32 per 1,000. These declines are coincident with the introduction of federal transfer programs including Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program (FSP).   But it is not clear whether there is an actual link between welfare programs and improvements in infant mortality. While there is little doubt that improving maternal nutrition can lead to healthier babies, it is less clear that the introduction of a program like the FSP will have significant effects either on maternal nutrition, or infant health outcomes.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 41
                    [2] => 42
                )

        )

    [153] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 83
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 19
            [title] => Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Cutler, Harvard University, and Adriana Lleras-Muney, Princeton University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper19/working-paper06-19.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper19/working-paper06-19.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => There is a well known large and persistent association between education and health. This relationship has been observed in many countries and time periods, and for a wide variety of health measures. The differences between the more and the less educated are significant: in 1999, the age-adjusted mortality rate of high school dropouts ages 25 to 64 was more than twice as large as the mortality rate of those with some college.  Substantial attention has been paid to these "health inequalities." Gradients in health by education are now being systematically monitored in many countries (the United States includes them as part of its Healthy People 2010 goals), and countries such as the United Kingdom have target goals of reducing health disparities -� specifically by education or factors correlated with education.  In this paper, we review what is known and not known about the relationship between education and health, in particular about the possible causal relationships between education and health and the mechanisms behind them. We then assess the extent to which education policies can or should be thought of as health policies.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
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                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 42
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            [publication_id] => 82
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 18
            [title] => Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Duration of Children�s Exposure to Neighborhood Poverty and Affluence
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jeffrey M. Timberlake, University of Cincinnati
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper18/working_paper06-18.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Despite much scholarly attention to �neighborhood effects� on children, no study to date has measured the cumulative exposure of children to neighborhood poverty and affluence. In this paper I construct multi-state period life tables to estimate racial and ethnic inequality in the amount of time children can expect to live in poor and nonpoor neighborhoods throughout childhood.   At rates prevailing in the mid-1990s, Black and Latino children can expect to spend almost 50% of childhood in neighborhoods with poverty rates in excess of 20%. The corresponding figure for White children is about 10%. I find that Black/White differences in childhood exposure to neighborhood poverty are due largely to differences in the probability of being born into a poor neighborhood, as opposed to differences in rates of upward and downward neighborhood mobility during childhood.   Finally, cross-period analyses indicate that White children's share of childhood in the most affluent neighborhood type increased rapidly beginning in the late 1980s and that although Black children's exposure to nonpoor neighborhoods has increased since the mid-1970s, a substantial fraction of childhood is still spent in the poorest neighborhood type.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 48
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            [publication_id] => 81
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 17
            [title] => The Incidence Of Poverty Across Three Generations Of Black And White Immigrants In The Post Civil Rights Era: Assessing The Impacts Of Race And Ancestry
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Amon Emeka, Department of Sociology, University of Southern California.
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper17/Working_Paper06-17.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Recent debates on immigration have led to speculation regarding the socioeconomic advancement of immigrants and their children with some prominent scholars arguing that recent immigrants are of �low quality� and will have difficulty matching the accomplishments of immigrants of the early twentieth century. Others have suggested that immigrant progress will be hindered in the Post-Civil Rights Era, but not by immigrants� own shortcomings. Rather, immigrants� opportunities will be limited by deindustrialization and racism.   This study examines patterns of poverty across three generations of recent immigrants from Africa, the Americas, and the Caribbean using U.S. Census data from 1980 and 2000. The findings here contradict the expectation that recent immigrants would not experience significant upward mobility. There is a nearly universal intergenerational decline in poverty among immigrants groups from throughout the western hemisphere�regardless of their racial or national origins.   However, a significant Black disadvantage emerges in the �new second� that leaves Black immigrants more likely than all others to experience poverty in the U.S. It is a disadvantage that cannot be explained by origins, city of residence, age, education, employment, or marital status.  All of this suggests that the success and failure of immigrants in the U.S. may have more to do with their placement in our most crude racial schemas than with their human capital. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
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                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 45
                            [keyword] => Inter and Intragenerational Mobility
                        )

                    [2] => Array
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 45
                    [2] => 48
                )

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    [156] => Array
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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 80
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 16
            [title] => Poverty, Migration and Health
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David R. Williams, Departments of Sociology and Epidemiology, and Survey Research Center, University of Michigan; Selina A. Mohammed, Women�s Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan
            [co_authors] => 
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper16/working_paper06-16.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This chapter provides an overview of research on the association between poverty and other indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and health. It also describes the complex ways in which race and ethnicity, SES and immigration status combine to affect patterns in the distribution of disease in the in the United States. Some of the findings of prior research are empirically examined in a large, racially and ethnically diverse sample of California adults. The chapter also considers the importance of including health status in policy initiatives that address poverty and the need for researchers and policy makers to be sensitive to the ways in which a broad range of social policies can have health consequences.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
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                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

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                    [0] => 42
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                    [2] => 48
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            [publication_id] => 79
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 15
            [title] => Race, Poverty and Punishment: The Impact Of Criminal Sanctions On Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Inequality
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Darren Wheelock, University of Minnesota; Christopher Uggen, University of Minnesota
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper15/working_paper06-15.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The association between crime, punishment, and poverty has long been the subject of sociological and criminological investigation. A classic literature has linked poverty to crime (Blau and Blau 1982; Braithwraite 1981; Sampson 1987; Shaw and McKay 1942; Wolfgang and Ferracuti 1967). This line of inquiry has typically examined the role of poverty and deprivation enhancing the risk of criminal involvement and criminal victimization. Such an approach typically places individuals or groups at the center of the analysis striving to understand how or why socioeconomic status would compel or shield individuals and communities from deviant motivations and behaviors.1 This venerable body of research has generated a wealth of scholarship linking high crime rates to poverty or its correlates, such as family disruption (Sampson 1987), economic inequality (Blau and Blau 1982), and social disorganization (Shaw and McKay 1942). Recent patterns of criminal justice policy marked by dramatic increases in all forms of criminal justice sanctions, however, have shifted attention to the role of punishment in contributing to racial and ethnic inequality.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

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                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 34
                    [2] => 48
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    [158] => Array
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            [publication_id] => 78
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Race, Place and Poverty Revisited
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Michael A. Stoll, UCLA
            [co_authors] => 
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper14/working_paper06-14.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => It was not long ago when the lens viewing urban America displayed chocolate cities and vanilla suburbs. Popular funk bands of the 1970s such as Pariament with their megahit �Chocolate Cities� helped mold this understanding through musical lyris that decribed Amercan urban areas becoming darker and poorer while suburbs were emerging white and rich (Avila, 2004). Of couse, cities were not always understood in these terms historically; most were the homes of the middle class even while poorer immigrants landed there to explore their social and economic aspirations. But the great black migrations out of the South to the North in the early and mid 1900s, coupled with de jure and de facto Jim Crow discrimination that limited the economic and residential opportunities of blacks, began to change the socio-economic and racial profile of cities. This, in conjunction with rapid suburbanization of mostly middle-income whites in the post war period, left central cities with growing concentrations of poverty, especially minority poverty, thereby sealing the connection between race, place and poverty. Central cities were increasingly seen as black and poor, while suburbs were emerging white and as the main regions of population and employment growth and wealth creation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 43
                            [keyword] => Housing
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 43
                    [2] => 48
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    [159] => Array
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            [publication_id] => 77
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Coloring the Terms of Membership: Reinventing the Divided Citizenry in an Era of Neoliberal Paternalism
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Joe Soss, Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin
Sanford F. Schram, Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research,  Bryn Mawr College
            [co_authors] => 
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper13/working_paper06-13.pdf
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper13/working_paper06-13.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In the vast literature on racial and ethnic inequalities, most studies focus on how discrete, measurable things get allocated across groups. �Who benefits,� researchers ask as they examine the allocation of goods, �and why do some get more than others?� Such questions rightly lie at the heart of our collective effort to understand how inequalities persist and change. Yet they are not the whole of it. Disparities across social groups must be reckoned with, not just in terms of who gets more or less, but also in terms of how groups are positioned in relation to one another and major societal institutions.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                (
                    [0] => 34
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        )

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            [publication_id] => 76
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Can Social Capital Explain Persistent Racial Poverty Gaps?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lincoln Quillian, Northwestern University; Rozlyn Redd, University of Wisconsin at Madison
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper12/working_paper06-12.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper investigates the role of social capital in understanding persistent racial gaps in poverty rates in the United States. We outline a general logic of social capital explanations of racial poverty gaps through the advantage or disadvantage resulting from racial inequality coupled with segregation or homophily in social life. We then focus on four forms of social capital as the most promising social capital explanations relevant to persistent racial gaps in poverty: job search networks; neighborhood collective efficacy; ethnic social capital; and school friendship networks. We review the literature on each form of social capital, supplemented with statistical analysis using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Our conclusion is that existing evidence points toward neighborhood collective efficacy, ethnic social capital, and peer networks as the more important social capital explanations for understanding racial differences in poverty, often in interaction with non-social capital factors, but that we must also look beyond social capital to understand racial differences in poverty rates overall.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

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                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 48
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        )

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            [publication_id] => 75
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 11
            [title] => The Dynamics of Discrimination
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Devah Pager, Princeton University
            [co_authors] => 
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                )

            [abstract] => In 1927, a New York clothing manufacturer advertised for help with a notice typical of that time period: �White workers $24: Colored Workers $20.� At the time, ads like these were common, with the explicit understanding that whites were to be paid more than people of color. Today, of course, such overt forms of discrimination have all but vanished. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 bars discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, rendering previously common forms of unequal treatment illegal. With the shifting legal context, the social context of discrimination has transformed dramatically as well. Today the vast majority of Americans endorses the principle of racial equality and repudiates acts of racial discrimination. And yet, despite these progressive developments, a range of social science evidence indicates that significant discrimination persists in contemporary society. Whether conscious or unconscious, exposed or covert, among individuals or institutions, systematic differences in the treatment of whites and minorities contribute to the economic marginalization of minority groups. This chapter examines the ways in which discrimination continues to operate by asking four basic questions: (1) What is discrimination? (2) How can we identify discrimination when it takes place? (3) What causes discrimination? (4) How can we reduce the incidence of discrimination? In answering these questions, we will examine the range of evidence available from social science research, as well as considering the factors that are not adequately captured by existing measures of discrimination.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 34
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                    [1] => Array
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                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                    [2] => Array
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

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                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 47
                    [2] => 48
                )

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    [162] => Array
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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 74
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 10
            [title] => How Culture Matters for Poverty: Thickening our Understanding
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mich�le Lamont, Harvard University; Mario Luis Small, Princeton University
            [co_authors] => 
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                )

            [abstract] => The term �culture� figures prominently in the poverty literature, though rarely with much theoretical or empirical sophistication. For some, it is a residual category to explain why statistical models do not account for all the variance in poverty-related outcomes. For others, it is an intermediary mechanism�an endogenous variable that helps explain why structural conditions such as neighborhood poverty lead to unwanted outcomes�but not an independent causal force. Still others reject cultural explanations altogether, arguing that these inevitably �blame the victims� for their problems. In this literature, �culture� is rarely defined explicitly. Conceived at times as a group�s norms and values, at other times as its attitudes toward work and family, and on yet other occasions as patterns of behavior, culture in the poverty literature has been studied with neither the depth nor the precision that characterize analyses of such matters as demographic trends, selection bias, and the impact of public policies on work and family structure. This chapter aims to remedy the situation while examining whether and how culture helps explain the causes and consequences of racial disparities in poverty.  While poverty scholars provide a rather thin understanding of culture, over the last two decades cultural sociologists have produced theoretical and empirical research that has yielded a subtle, heterogeneous, and sophisticated picture of how cultural factors shape and are shaped by poverty and inequality. They have used concepts such as �frames,� �cultural repertoires,� �narrative,� �collective identity,� �symbolic boundaries,� �cultural capital,� and �institutions� to study how poor individuals interpret and respond to their circumstances. By no means has this literature coalesced into a coherent perspective on culture. Also, search for subtlety has often come at the cost of lost parsimony. Nevertheless, social scientists are in the process of filling gaps in what is known about the causes and consequences of poverty.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 48
                    [1] => 49
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        )

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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 73
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 09
            [title] => How Educational Inequality Develops
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => George Farkas, Department of Sociology and Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper09/working_paper06-09.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Academic achievement � the credentials of schooling completed and degrees attained, as well as the skills and capabilities associated with these credentials - is an important determinant of socioeconomic success. Few if any personal characteristics are more strongly and positively related to an individual�s later occupational attainment, employment, earnings, home ownership, health, and other measures of a successful life. In addition, as the U.S. and other national economies have evolved, technological innovation and globalization have advanced, and labor union strength has declined, the economic return to academic achievement has increased. Thus, for example, in inflation-adjusted, 1999 dollars, the average U.S. male high school dropout earned $13.61/hour in 1973, and $9.78/hour in 1999, a decline of 28 percent. By contrast, the earnings of workers with an advanced degree (beyond college) increased by more than 20 percent during this time period (Krueger, 2003: 4). A given educational achievement gap between two individuals leads to a larger earnings gap today than it did in the past.  This trend has been particularly disadvantageous for race/ethnic groups such as African-Americans and Latinos, whose academic achievement has historically lagged behind that of whites. At the same time, this trend has benefited Asians, whose academic achievement has equaled and in some areas surpassed that of whites. The great importance of racial/ethnic academic achievement gaps for understanding racial/ethnic earnings gaps is illustrated by the finding that the earnings gap between African-American and white men can be fully explained by a calculation that accounts for, among other variables, the educational credentials (years of schooling completed) and cognitive skills (test score) gaps between these groups. Here, the portion (40%) of the Black-White hourly wage gap accounted for by the cognitive skills gap is four times the size of the 2 portion (10%) accounted for by the credentials gap (Farkas and Vicknair, 1996, Table 1). Thus, the study of racial/ethnic gaps in academic achievement - test scores and credentials - is central to understanding poverty and income differentials across these groups in America today.  Approximately fifty years after the Brown decision, forty years after the Coleman Report, and during a period of intense discussion of No Child Left Behind, concern with these gaps is hardly new. What is new is recent evidence on the sources of these disparities in the early lives and school careers of children. This new understanding of the early development of race/ethnic inequalities in educational achievement is the focus of this chapter. I will discuss the theoretical framework and data that have been used to address these issues, the questions that have been asked, and the answers that have emerged. The goal is scientific knowledge leading to programs and policies capable of narrowing the gaps.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                    [2] => Array
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                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
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                )

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                    [0] => 34
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            [publication_id] => 72
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-06-06
            [number] => 08
            [title] => Justifying Inequality: A Social Psychological Analysis of Beliefs about Poverty and the Poor
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Heather Bullock, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
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                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper08/working_paper06-08.pdf
                                )

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                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper08/working_paper06-08.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A news story reports that the national poverty rate rose to 12.7 percent in 2004, up from 12.5 percent the previous year. No demographic information is provided and you wonder who �the poor� are. Who do you imagine?  You watch a television program about low-income mothers struggling to make ends meet. You feel less empathy for the Latina single mother of three than a similar European American mother. Would you label your response racist? Classist? Sexist?  While visiting the city you give a homeless man a dollar. Your friend scolds you saying that handouts only encourage laziness. Do you regret giving him money?  When you were growing up you believed that with hard work anyone can move up the socioeconomic ladder. Lately, however, you wonder if this is really true, particularly when you reflect on the disproportionately high number of low-income students of color from your high school that did not attend college. How level is the socioeconomic �playing field?�
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                )

        )

    [165] => Array
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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 71
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-05-06
            [number] => 07
            [title] => Welfare Reform and Family Expenditures: How are Single Mothers Adapting to the New Welfare and Work Regime?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Neeraj Kaushal, Columbia University; Qin Gao, Fordham University; Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper07/exp.welfare-final.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper07/exp.welfare-final.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We study the effect of welfare reform, broadly defined to include social policy changes in the 1990s, on the material well-being and consumption patterns of poor single-mother families using the Consumer Expenditure Surveys. We find that welfare reform did not have any statistically significant effect on total expenditures in households headed by low-educated (education high-school) single mothers. However, patterns of expenditure did change. There is strong evidence that the policy change was associated with an increase in spending on transportation and food away from home, and some evidence of an increase in spending on adult clothing and footwear. Welfare reform was also associated with an increase in ownership of microwave ovens, phones and cars. These increases were higher, in absolute as well as relative terms, among families headed by very low educated (education < high-school) single mothers. In contrast, we find no statistically significant changes in expenditures on childcare or learning and enrichment activities, and, if anything, a relative decline in ownership of computers in low-educated, single mother households. This pattern of results suggests that welfare reform has shifted affected families� expenditures towards items that facilitate work outside the home, but, at least so far, has not allowed families to catch up in terms of their expenditures on learning and enrichment items.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 53
                )

        )

    [166] => Array
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            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 70
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-05-06
            [number] => 06
            [title] => The Consequences of Recent Job Growth on Older Low Income Workers
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => William M. Rodgers III, Rutgers University.
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper06/06-06.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper06/06-06.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Since the start of the recovery in November 2001, U.S. workers have experienced slow job growth. These conditions have adversely impacted the economic security of low-income and less-educated older workers (ages 50 to 64).  During previous recoveries, strong job growth provided older workers with employment opportunities, which helped to moderate the secular increases in displacement that are well documented.  This recovery has been different. Only 3.4 million new jobs have been created, less than half during the 1990s recovery and a quarter during the recovery that started March 1978.The absence of strong job growth has resulted in a drop in employment, health insurance and pension coverage for many older workers.  Stronger job growth is only a first step to offsetting the secular increase in the displacement of older workers. Additional public policy answers are needed to ensure that older low-income Americans can achieve economic security in the future.  The results show that Job growth continues to lag growth during previous business cycles. As of November 2005, 3.4 million new jobs have been created, compared to 8.0 million during the 1970s recovery and 12.0 million during the recovery that started March 1978.  The slower pace of growth is potentially due to three new trends: shifts in investment, rising health care costs, and fiscal policy choices.  The slower pace of employment growth has adversely affected older Americans. Full-year employment, private health insurance and pension coverage have trended downward, with the most consistent and strongest evidence of decline among low-income men aged 50 to 54.  Older men�s losses are primarily due to their decline in manufacturing, transportation, and public utility employment, sectors of the economy that have lost jobs during the recovery. Older women�s losses were dampened due to their disproportionate presence in the education and health services sector, the recovery�s fastest growing sector.  Rising economic insecurity for older low-income families goes well beyond declining labor force attachment. Private sector health insurance and pension coverage rates both fell. These erosions come on top of already significantly lower wages, health insurance and pension coverage than the general working age population.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
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                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 45
                            [keyword] => Inter and Intragenerational Mobility
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 45
                )

        )

    [167] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 69
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-03-06
            [number] => 05
            [title] => Do Home Computers Improve Educational Outcomes? Evidence from Matched Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel O. Beltran, University of California�Santa Cruz, Kuntal K. Das, University of California�Santa Cruz, and Robert W. Fairlie, University of California�Santa Cruz.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper05/06-05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper05/06-05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Nearly twenty million children in the United States do not have computers in their homes. The role of home computers in the educational process, however, has drawn very little attention in the previous literature. We use panel data from the two main U.S. datasets that include recent information on computer ownership among children -- the 2000-2003 CPS Computer and Internet Use Supplements (CIUS) matched to the CPS Basic Monthly Files and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 -- to explore the relationship between computer ownership and high school graduation and other educational outcomes.Teenagers who have access to home computers are 6 to 8 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school than teenagers who do not have home computers after controlling for individual, parental, and family characteristics. We generally find evidence of positive relationships between home computers and educational outcomes using several estimation strategies, including controlling for typically unobservable home environment and extracurricular activities in the NLSY97, fixed effects models, instrumental variables, future computer ownership and "pencil tests." Some of these estimation techniques, however, provide imprecise estimates. Home computers may increase high school graduation by reducing non-productive activities, such as truancy and crime, among children in addition to making it easier to complete school assignments.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                )

        )

    [168] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 68
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-02-06
            [number] => 04
            [title] => Studying Consumption with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Comparisons with the Consumer Expenditure Survey and an Application to the Intergenerational Transmission of Well-being.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kerwin Kofi Charles, University of Chicago Sheldon Danziger, University of Michigan, Geng Li, Federal Reserve Board Robert F. Schoeni, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper04/06-04.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper04/06-04.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Beginning in 1999, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) added new questions about several categories of consumption expenditure. The PSID now covers items that constitute more than seventy percent of total expenditure measured in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). We show that expenditure for each of the broad categories in the PSID aligns closely with corresponding measures from the CE. Using the new PSID data, we impute total expenditure in the PSID and show that this is also very close to total measured CE expenditure. For several distinct categories and for total consumption, we show that cross-sectional life cycle estimates of household expenditure activity are very similar across the two surveys. Finally, we illustrate the unique research value of the PSID for studying consumption by exploiting the survey�s longitudinal design and genealogical structure to estimate the intergenerational elasticity of consumption expenditure, which is found to be 0.32-0.34.  Financial support was received from a grant to the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan from the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. We thank Laurie Pounder and Jonathan Fisher for assisting with the validation of the mapping of UCC codes from the CE into the PSID. We also thank Richard Bavier, Rebecca Blank, Jonathan Fischer, Gary Solon, James Sullivan, and seminar participants at the Bureau of Labor Statistics for comments. Address correspondence to Robert Schoeni, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48104; bschoeni@umich.edu. Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Poverty Center or the Federal Reserve Board or other members of its staff.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                )

        )

    [169] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 67
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-01-06
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Measuring the Extent and Depth of Food Insecurity: An Application to American Indians in the United States
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Craig Gundersen, Iowa State University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper02/Gundersen.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper02/Gundersen.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Within the extensive literature on food insecurity in the United States, little work has been done regarding (a) the depth and severity of food insecurity (as opposed to just the food insecurity rate) and (b) the food insecurity status of American Indians. This paper addresses both these topics using data from the 2001 to 2003 Core Food Security Module of the Current Population Survey. To measure food insecurity, three axiomatically-derived measures of food insecurity are used � the food insecurity rate, the food insecurity gap, and the squared food insecurity gap. As expected, given the worse economic conditions facing American Indians their food insecurity levels are generally higher than non-American Indians. However, the magnitude and significance of these differences differ depending on the choice of food insecurity measure. If, instead, only the food insecurity rate had been analyzed, the picture of food insecurity among American Indians viz. non-American Indians would be markedly different. Even after controlling for other factors in multivariate frameworks, these comparisons between American Indians and non-American Indians remain.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                    [1] => 47
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [170] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 66
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-01-06
            [number] => 01
            [title] => Do Home Computers Improve Educational Outcomes? Evidence from Matched Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel O. Beltran University of California, Santa Cruz; Kuntal K. Das University of California, Santa Cruz; Robert W. Fairlie University of California, Santa Cruz, National Poverty Center and IZA.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper01/compeduc14izawptitle.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Nearly twenty million children in the United States do not have computers in their homes. The role of home computers in the educational process, however, has drawn very little attention in the previous literature. We use panel data from the two main U.S. datasets that include recent information on computer ownership among children -- the 2000-2003 CPS Computer and Internet Use Supplements (CIUS) matched to the CPS Basic Monthly Files and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 -- to explore the relationship between computer ownership and high school graduation and other educational outcomes. Teenagers who have access to home computers are 6 to 8 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school than teenagers who do not have home computers after controlling for individual, parental, and family characteristics. We generally find evidence of positive relationships between home computers and educational outcomes using several estimation strategies, including controlling for typically unobservable home environment and extracurricular activities in the NLSY97, fixed effects models, instrumental variables, future computer ownership and "pencil tests." Some of these estimation techniques, however, provide imprecise estimates. Home computers may increase high school graduation by reducing non-productive activities, such as truancy and crime, among children in addition to making it easier to complete school assignments.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
        )

    [171] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 4
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2006-01-01
            [number] => 03
            [title] => Affirmative Action: What Do We Know?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Urban Institute; David Neumark, Public Policy Institute of California, University of California at Irvine, National Bureau of Economic Research, IZA�Institute for the Study of Labor
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper03/holzer06-3.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper03/holzer06-3.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper we review the research evidence on the effects of Affirmative Action in employment, university admissions and government procurement. We consider effects on both equity (or distribution) as well as efficiency. Overall, we find that Affirmative Action does redistribute jobs, university admissions and government contracts away from white males towards minorities and females, though the overall magnitudes of these shifts are relatively modest. We also find that Affirmative Action shifts jobs and university admissions to minorities who have weaker credentials, but there is little solid evidence to date of weaker labor market performance among its beneficiaries. While those students admitted to universities under Affirmative Action have weaker grades and higher dropout rates than their white counterparts at selective schools, they benefit overall in terms of high graduation rates and salaries. Affirmative Action also generates positive externalities for the minority and low-income communities (in terms of better medical services and labor market contacts), and perhaps for employers and universities as well.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [172] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 54
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-11-05
            [number] => 28
            [title] => The Impact of Technological Change on LowWage Workers: A Review.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Card, University of California Berkeley and the National Bureau of Economic Research; John DiNardo, University of Michigan and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper28/Card_DiNardo_2005.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper28/Card_DiNardo_2005.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The relationship between technological change and the earnings of less-skilled workers is one of the oldest issues in economics (Berg 1984). Renewed interest in the link was spawned by labor market trends in the 1980s, including the decline in real wages for younger and less-educated workers, and the sharp increase in the wage gap between college and high school educated workers. At the same time, the introduction of the micro-computer was hailed as a revolutionary event that promised to change the nature of work. Two prominent studies written at the close of the decade Bound and Johnson (1992) and Katz and Murphy (1992) argued that the falling fortunes of less skilled workers were caused by adverse demand shocks, specifically "skillbiased" technological changes induced by the new computer technology. A vast subsequent literature has tended to confirm this basic view.1 By now it is widely accepted that technological changes have hurt, and will continue to hurt, the labor market prospects for less skilled workers in the United States and other advanced countries. The technological change hypothesis, in turn, has provided a powerful intellectual foundation for a laissez faire approach to policies for aiding less skilled workers.  In this paper we present a critical review of the literature linking technological change to the structure of wages in the U.S. economy. We argue that the evidence for the technological change hypothesis is weaker than many observers have recognized. From a research design perspective we identify two key concerns. First, many studies reason backward from an effect (recent changes in the time series behavior of wage inequality) to a cause. A typical study does not ask "what is the evidence for an effect of this technological invention?" Rather, most have adopted a forensic approach, asking "why has wage inequality increased? " In a world where there are many potential causes, some of which are unknown (or ignored), a forensic approach can only eliminate candidate explanations. Even when such an analysis has ruled out all but one of the enumerated hypotheses, the analysis provides at best only limited support for the remaining explanation, since others could be constructed to explain the same set of facts.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [173] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 53
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-11-05
            [number] => 27
            [title] => Economic Conditions and Children's Living Arrangements.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca A. London, Center for Justice, Tolerance, and Community, University of California, Santa Cruz and National Poverty Center; Robert W. Fairlie Department of Economics University of California, Santa Cruz and National Poverty Center.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
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                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper27/London_Fairlie_2005.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper27/London_Fairlie_2005.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Household and family living arrangements have become increasingly visible in public policy discussions, especially with the passage of the landmark Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). The law, which responded to a trend of rising rates of childbirth outside of marriage, emphasizes the reinforcement of marriage as the preferred arrangement for families with children. PRWORA also attempts to influence children's living arrangements in another way, mandating multi-generational households for teen parents who have not completed high school. Although the population of teen parents receiving welfare is small, the focus on their living arrangements signals policymakers' interest in shaping living arrangements beyond marriage.  The law's primary focus on marriage was partly motivated by the disconcerting finding that children who grow up with a single parent fare worse later in life than those growing up with married parents (McLanahan and Sandefur 1994). Even after controlling for income and other intervening factors, children living with single parents have worse educational and family formation outcomes than those living with two parents or with step-parents. Children of divorced parents similarly fare worse than those in intact families on these and other measures (Amato 2000; Seltzer 1994).
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [174] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 52
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-11-05
            [number] => 26
            [title] => Recent Trends in Resource Sharing among the Poor.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven J. Haider, Michigan State University; Kathleen McGarry, University of California, Los Angeles and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper26/haider.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Motivated in part by the dramatic changes in the United States economy and public assistance policies, many researchers have examined the changes in the resources of the low-income population over the last two decades, with particular attention paid to income from earnings and public assistance programs. One source of income that has received comparatively little attention is income from private transfers. However, private transfers may be a key source of support for low-income individuals, especially for those who have had little attachment to the labor force or who have experienced reductions in public assistance. In this paper, we provide a conceptual discussion of private transfers drawing on several related literatures and provide new empirical evidence regarding the significance of private of transfers as a source income. We find that private transfers are an important source of income for many less-skilled households, the contribution of private transfers to total income has increased over time, and shared living arrangements are a common mechanism for providing assistance.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
        )

    [175] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 49
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-11-05
            [number] => 25
            [title] => Work and Poverty During the Past Quarter Century.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca M. Blank, Sheldon H. Danziger and Robert F. Schoeni, National Poverty Center, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper25/working_poor_introduction.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper25/working_poor_introduction.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The paper is the introductory chapter in a volume of papers commissioned by the National Poverty Center, forthcoming from the Russell Sage Foundation in mid-2006, "Working and Poor: How Economic and Policy Changes Are Affecting Low-Wage Workers." Details about the project and Working Paper versions of each chapter are available by clicking here.  Several chapters in this volume analyze the ways in which the business cycle and long-run changes in the economic environment since the late 1970s have affected the employment and earnings opportunities for less-skilled workers. Other chapters focus on the composition and material well-being of low-income families. Other chapters evaluate the effectiveness of social assistance policies and the federal and state tax systems and how they interact with the economy over the course of the business cycle. The key question that runs throughout the papers in this volume is "How have economic changes and the economic cycle affected the well-being of less-skilled workers and low-income families?" The project is supported by funds from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation and by a grant from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [176] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 50
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-10-05
            [number] => 24
            [title] => The Level and Composition of Consumption Over the Business Cycle: The Role of "Quasi-Fixed" Expenditures.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kerwin Kofi Charles and University of Michigan and NBER; Melvin Stephens Jr. Carnegie Mellon University and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper24/Charles_Stephens_05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper24/Charles_Stephens_05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We study how the level and composition of household expenditures changes over the business cycle for households at different positions in the income distribution. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we find that transitory, state-specific increases in unemployment causes lower income groups to lower their total expenditure outlays, contrary to the prediction of the textbook account of consumption behavior. In addition, in bad economic times these groups raise the share of their total outlays devoted to relative fixed outlays like home or car payments. These adjustments are primarily concentrated among reductions in outlays devoted to entertainment and personal care expenditures. We find no similar effects for households at higher positions in the income distribution. It is difficult to attribute these differences across households to differences in credit constraints, both because the specific results for credit holdings are imprecisely estimated and because income losses experienced by higher SES households are so small that there is, for them, little need to adjust consumption.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
        )

    [177] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 51
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-10-05
            [number] => 23
            [title] => How Is Health Insurance Affected by the Economy? Public and Private Coverage Among Low-Skilled Adults in the 1990s.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Helen Levy, University of Michigan, Economic Research Initiative on the Uninsured.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper23/Levy_Health_Ins_05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper23/Levy_Health_Ins_05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In 1992, 38.6 million Americans were uninsured (DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004). Eight years later, at the end of the longest economic expansion in the US since World War II, the number of uninsured had increased to nearly 40 million (DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004). Why did the booming economy not translate into gains in insurance coverage? This puzzle is even more pronounced when we look at trends by education level, since low-skilled individuals experienced both the largest gains in employment and the largest declines in insurance coverage. Among high school dropouts between the ages of 25 and 54, the fraction employed increased from 67 percent to 71 percent and mean real family income increased by more than fifteen percent. But the fraction of dropouts who were uninsured increased from 36 percent to 40 percent. What happened?
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                )

        )

    [178] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 48
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-10-05
            [number] => 22
            [title] => The Changing Pattern of Wage Growth for Low Skilled Workers.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Eric French, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Christopher Taber, Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper22/Taber_et_al_complete.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper22/Taber_et_al_complete.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => One of the fundamental facts in labor economics is that, on average, wages tend to rise rapidly early in a worker's career. Since wage growth during the early stages of the lifecycle provides a potential pathway out of poverty, it is important to understand what causes this wage progression and how it is affected by changes in the overall economy. In this chapter, we focus on the key components that determine an individual's early career wage growth and how these factors have changed for less skilled workers over the last twenty years. In particular, we examine the relative importance of accumulating work experience as compared to the quality of job matches in influencing wage growth over this time period.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 54
                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 54
                )

        )

    [179] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 47
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-10-05
            [number] => 21
            [title] => Does the Supplemental Security Income Program Reduce Disability among the Elderly?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Pamela Herd, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Robert F. Schoeni, and James S. House University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper21/SSI_and_the_Health_of_the_Elderly_RFS2_FINALv3.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper21/SSI_and_the_Health_of_the_Elderly_RFS2_FINALv3.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Given increasing evidence that medical care cannot fully explain variation in population health and increasing research on the relationship between socioeconomic factors and health, might non-health policies affect health? This research examines whether Supplemental Security Income (SSI) affects disability among the elderly. We use the 1990 and 2000 censuses, employing state and year fixed effect models, to test whether within state changes in maximum SSI benefits over time, which are plausibly exogenous to health, lead to changes in disability. The findings from this study support the hypothesis that both within-state changes in the maximum state SSI benefit and changes in SSI income received by individuals lead to changes in disability among single elderly individuals. Higher SSI benefits are linked to lower disability rates.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 51
                )

        )

    [180] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 46
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-09-05
            [number] => 20
            [title] => Do Temporary Help Jobs Improve Labor Market Outcomes for Low-Skilled Workers? Evidence from Random Assignments.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David H. Autor, MIT Department of Economics and NBER; Susan N. Houseman,W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper20/TTW-Sep23-2005_NPC.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper20/TTW-Sep23-2005_NPC.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A disproportionate share of low-skilled U.S. workers is employed by temporary help firms. These firms offer rapid entry into paid employment, but temporary help jobs are typically brief and it is unknown whether they foster longer-term employment. We draw upon an unusual, large-scale policy experiment in the state of Michigan to evaluate whether holding temporary help jobs facilitates labor market advancement for low-skilled workers. To identify these effects, we exploit the random assignment of welfare-to-work clients across numerous welfare service providers in a major metropolitan area. These providers feature substantially different placement rates at temporary help jobs but offer otherwise similar services. We find that moving welfare participants into temporary help jobs boosts their short-term earnings. But these gains are offset by lower earnings, less frequent employment, and potentially higher welfare recidivism over the next one to two years. In contrast, placements in direct-hire jobs raise participants' earnings substantially and reduce recidivism both one and two years following placement. We conclude that encouraging low-skilled workers to take temporary help agency jobs is no more effective � and possibly less effective � than providing no job placements at all.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [181] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 44
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-09-05
            [number] => 18
            [title] => Exploring Gender Differences in Employment and Wage Trends Among Less-Skilled Workers.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rebecca M. Blank, University of Michigan and NBER; Heidi Shierholz, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper18/Gender_Diff_2005.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper18/Gender_Diff_2005.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => While labor force participation and real wage rates among less-skilled men have fallen since the late 1970s, among less-skilled women real wages have not fallen and their labor force participation has in fact risen. This observation falls into a largely unexplored area at the intersection of existing literatures. A substantial literature has investigated the declining returns to less-skilled jobs and the growing wage inequality between more and less-skilled workers in the U.S. labor market (Autor and Katz, 1999; Autor, Katz, and Kearney, 2005), but this literature has focused primarily on men. There is also a large literature on trends in male/female wage differences among all workers (Altonji and Blank, 1999; Bayard, et. al., 2003; Blau and Kahn, 2004), but this literature gives little attention to gender differences by skill level (Blau and Kahn, 1997, is an exception). Furthermore, there is very little literature on differential trends in labor force participation between women and men. Two recent papers address this topic (Mulligan and Rubinstein, 2005; Blau and Kahn, 2005) but again, these papers do not look at differences across skill groups.  This paper investigates trends in labor market outcomes for both male and female workers of different skill levels over the past 25 years. We look at gender differences by skill level in labor force participation and wages, exploring why less-skilled women have done better than less-skilled men in recent decades, even while losing ground relative to more-skilled women...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 34
                            [keyword] => Discrimination
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 34
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [182] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 43
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-09-05
            [number] => 17
            [title] => Child Support and the Economy.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Maria Cancian, Institute for Research on Poverty, La Follette School of Public Affairs and School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin�Madison and Daniel R. Meyer, Institute for Research on Poverty, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin�Madison.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper17/cancian-meyer-Sept_10c-dd.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper17/cancian-meyer-Sept_10c-dd.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => As the proportion of children living with both parents has fallen and as public support for sole-parent families has been reduced, child support has become a crucial source of income for single-parent families. In this chapter we describe the logic and outcomes of the child support system and consider the relationship between economic conditions, child support, and poverty.  We show that child support is an important, if often unreliable, source of income for poor single-mother families. But mothers with limited earnings potential often have had children with men who also have limited economic resources. This constrains the potential for child support to lift families out of poverty�since child support payments may constitute a transfer from one poor household to another. Moreover, parents who live in separate households lose the economies of scale associated with shared housing and other resources, and therefore are at an economic disadvantage relative to two-parent households, regardless of their individual incomes. Finally, child support policies themselves have been formulated with sometime contradictory objectives�including supporting families, and offsetting the costs to government of public supports. This has contributed to a system with complex incentives that may have unintended consequences for economically vulnerable and otherwise fragile families, many of whom may have difficulty managing the system to the best advantage of their children...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                    [1] => 39
                )

        )

    [183] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 42
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-09-05
            [number] => 16
            [title] => How Do Tax Policies Affect Low Income Workers?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kevin A. Hassett, The American Enterprise Institute and Anne Moore, University of California, Berkeley.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper16/khamfinalversion9-7.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper16/khamfinalversion9-7.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The study of the incidence of the U.S. tax system has a long and impressive history that has proceeded along many different complementary paths. Arnold Harberger (1962) laid the groundwork for distributing the burden of taxes. Beginning with the pioneering work of Joseph Pechman and Benjamin Okner (1974), scholars have explored the impact of a wide array of taxes on the distribution of income. Theoretical work has subsequently incorporated distributive objectives into optimal tax design (see Auerbach 1985). Other work has explored the direct and indirect impacts of various tax reform proposals and also identified the effects that different tax reforms have on the distribution of income across income classes (See Carasso and Steuerle 2003; Burman and Saleem 2004; Gale and Orzag 2004; and Devarajan, Fullerton, and Musgrave 1980).  While the existing literature presents interesting snapshots of the impact of the U.S. tax system on low-income individuals, these snapshots are difficult to assemble into a complete view, something that was last done exhaustively in Pechman (1985). While ample data exist documenting changes in federal tax policy over time, information on state and local taxes, especially sales and property taxes, is less abundant. However, studies of state taxes have been done recently by both the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (2003) and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (2004)...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
        )

    [184] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 40
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-09-05
            [number] => 14
            [title] => The Macroeconomy and Determinants of the Earnings of Less-Skilled Workers
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Robert E. Hall, Hoover Institution and Department of Economics, Stanford University, National Bureau of Economic Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper14/Hall-Macroeconomy05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper14/Hall-Macroeconomy05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Poverty is a condition with multiple causes, but every analysis agrees on the importance of the earnings of less-skilled workers. Macroeconomic�that is, economy-wide�influences determine average earnings. This chapter looks at data from the U.S. economy through the lens of macroeconomics. Some of the key questions I consider are: How much have wages in general risen over the past 50 years, in terms of the value of what workers produce and what workers consume? How has productivity growth and rising stocks of plant and equipment contributed to wage growth in general? How have wages of workers at the bottom of the skill distribution (those who did not finish high school), in the middle (high school but no college), and at the top (college graduates) changed over time? What has happened to the demand for workers in these skill groups? What has happened to the fraction of Americans living in poverty as wages have risen? What happens to workers in the various skill groups when employment falls sharply in a recession?   I break down the macroeconomic determinants of earnings into those that affect all workers and those that operate differently by education group. Economic analysis points to two fundamental factors that affect average wage growth�productivity growth and capital deepening, that is, the accumulation of additional plant and equipment per worker. Both have been important over the past 50 years. Productivity growth in the 1990s was lower than in almost any other period, but capital deepening added to wage growth, and wages significantly outperformed the neoclassical benchmark, so total wage growth was impressive...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [185] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 41
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-08-05
            [number] => 15
            [title] => State Spending on Social Assistance Programs Over the Business Cycle.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Therese J. McGuire, Northwestern University; David F. Merriman, Loyola University Chicago.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper15/McGuireMerrimanFinal.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper15/McGuireMerrimanFinal.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The passage in 1996 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) brought about a major change in the way the federal government and the states share financial responsibility for cash assistance and related welfare programs. Prior to PRWORA, the federal government provided a matching grant program for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), with the federal government responsible for an average of 55 cents out of every dollar of AFDC spending. Since the passage of PRWORA, the federal government has given an annual block grant to the states for funding the AFDC replacement program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Our goals in this paper are to review the history of federal and state spending on public welfare programs, with a special focus on the business cycles of the past twenty-five years, and to investigate whether state spending on public welfare programs has been affected by the meaningful change in funding brought about by PRWORA...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [186] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 39
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-08-05
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Temporary Agency Employment as a Way out of Poverty?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Autor, MIT Department of Economics and NBER; Susan Houseman, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper13/AutorHouseman_TempEmpl.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper13/AutorHouseman_TempEmpl.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => One in eight Americans and one in five children under the age of six lived in poverty in 2003 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). Poverty is strongly associated with lack of fulltime, year-round employment. Government programs such as welfare-to-work and the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) try to help the poor find stable employment and thereby escape poverty. As one strategy to facilitate such transitions, several researchers have recently proposed the use temporary agencies as labor market intermediaries for the poor (Holzer (2004); Andersson et al. (2005), and Lane et al. (2003). Drawing on a unique policy quasi-experiment from a large welfare-to-work program, we provide new, direct evidence on whether temporary agency jobs help low-skilled workers escape poverty.   A large minority of participants in government employment programs already work in the temporary help sector. In our data on participants in a welfare-to-work program, 21 percent who found jobs worked for temporary agencies. Similarly high levels of temporary help employment�ranging from 15 to 40 percent�have been found in other studies of government employment programs (Autor and Houseman 2002). These figures are especially striking in light of the fact that temporary agency employment accounts for only 2 to 3 percent of daily employment in the United States...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [187] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 38
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-08-05
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Wage Trends among Disadvantaged Minorities.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => George J. Borjas, Harvard University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper12/Borjas_WageTrends.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper12/Borjas_WageTrends.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The resurgence of large scale immigration in recent decades fundamentally altered the racial and ethnic composition of the disadvantaged population in the United States. In 1960, 21.3 percent of the working men placing in the bottom 20 percent of the wage distribution were African American and only 3.6 percent were foreign-born. By 2000, the black share in this low-wage workforce had fallen to 13.1 percent, but the immigrant share had risen to 17.4 percent.  It is well known that the "new immigration" contains a very large number of low-skill workers (Borjas 1999). In fact, the data reveals that, at least through the mid-1990s, each successive wave of post-1960 immigrants entered the United States with less earnings potential than the preceding wave. The sizable increase in the size of the immigrant influx--as well as the changing demographic and skill characteristics of the immigrants--can be attributed not only to an increase in illegal immigration (it is estimated that at least 10 million illegal immigrants resided in the country by 2005), but also to changes in legal immigration policy that emphasize family reunification, rather than the skills of potential migrants, in the awarding of entry visas. Inevitably, the changes in immigration policy and the lax border enforcement changed the ethnic and racial mix of the disadvantaged population. Moreover, these changes are likely to continue since the pace of modern immigration has not yet abated...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [188] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 37
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-08-05
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Unemployment Insurance Over the Business Cycle: Does it Meet the Needs of Less-Skilled Workers?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Phillip B. Levine, Department of Economics, Wellesley College.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper11/LevineUnemployment05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper11/LevineUnemployment05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The unemployment insurance (UI) system is one of the primary ways that the government seeks to alleviate the hardship associated with an economic downturn. It was first introduced in the United States at the national level as part of the 1935 Social Security Act to provide financial support for the millions of workers that lost their jobs during the Great Depression.  The system is still designed to provide greater relief at times of economic hardship. Workers are more likely to receive benefits in a recession as benefits are paid only to those who lose their jobs through no fault of their own and these circumstances are much more common at such times. But the system of UI financing also helps offset the hardship associated with a downturn. Firms pay a tax to fund benefits that is at least partially �experience-rated� in that those firms who lay off more workers often have to pay a higher tax. This higher tax provides them with an incentive to lay off fewer workers. Since layoffs are more common during a recession, experience rating has the ability to reduce layoffs the most during those periods.  On the other hand, the insurance aspect of unemployment insurance serves to lessen the ability of the system to help out during hard times. Benefits are not paid out according to need, but according to the loss incurred. In fact, eligibility rules make it more difficult for those with the greatest need to qualify for benefits. To satisfy those rules, workers cannot have left a job voluntarily, although this serves as less of a constraint during a recession. But more importantly, they must have had a sufficient work history prior to the job loss, typically measured as minimum earnings requirements, to qualify for benefits. Lower-wage workers and those who have difficulty maintaining steady employment because of lack of skills may have a tougher time satisfying these requirements, particularly during periods in which jobs are scarce...
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [189] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 45
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-06-05
            [number] => 19
            [title] => Poverty in America: Trends and Explanations.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Hilary W. Hoynes, Marianne E. Page, Ann Huff Stevens. Department of Economics, U C Davis.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper19/Poverty-6-9-05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper19/Poverty-6-9-05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Despite robust growth in real per capita GDP over the last three decades, the U.S. poverty rate has changed very little. In an effort to better understand this disconnect, we document and quantify the relationship between poverty and four different factors that may affect poverty and its evolution over time: labor market opportunities, family structure, anti-poverty programs, and immigration. We find that the relationship between the macro-economy and poverty has weakened over time. Nevertheless, changes in labor market opportunities predict changes in the poverty rate rather well. We also find that changes in female labor supply should have reduced poverty, but was counteracted by an increase in the rate of female headship. Changes in the number and composition of immigrants and changes in the generosity of anti-poverty programs seem to have had little effect.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 44
                    [1] => 47
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [190] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 36
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-06-05
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Can We Improve Job Retention and Advancement Among Low-Income Working Parents?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer and Karin Martinson, The Urban Institute, Georgetown University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper10/HolzerMartinsonpaper62305.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper10/HolzerMartinsonpaper62305.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper we review the evidence on four approaches to improving job retention and advancement among low-income working adults. These four approaches are: 1) Financial incentives and supports; 2) Case management and service provision, often by labor market intermediaries; 3) Skill development strategies; and 4) Employer-focused efforts, such as sectoral strategies and career ladder development at private firms. Within each category, we find at least some evidence of positive impacts on retention or advancement. Among the most promising approaches are the use of labor market intermediaries for job placements, the use of community colleges for training, and a variety of efforts that involve local employers. Mixed strategies that combine strong financial incentives and supports with labor market services and training also show promise.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 36
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [191] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 35
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-06-05
            [number] => 09
            [title] => The Black-White Test Score Gap: Lessons from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => W. Jean Yeung, Kathryn M. Pfeiffer. New York University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper09/TestScoreGap-YeungPfeiffer.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper09/TestScoreGap-YeungPfeiffer.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Based on two waves of data for three age cohorts of children from the PSID-Child Development Supplements, we find large black-white test score differences among children of all ages. Even before children start formal schooling, black children score .8 and .5 of a standard deviation lower than whites in Applied Problem (AP) and Letter-Word (LW) tests respectively. Except for the oldest cohort, the gaps for all tests widened when children's cognitive skills were assessed again six years later. We examine the extent to which child's characteristics, home environment (both structural and cultural factors), and a crude proxy for child's genetic endowment account for these gaps. All achievement gaps before grade three can be accounted for by these covariates. As children move to higher grades, there is a diminishing role of these covariates in explaining the achievement gap. In preschool years, the gaps are reduced to less than .2 of a standard deviation when all covariates are controlled for. In the first three years of school, the gaps are reduced to about .3 of a standard deviation, whereas in high school years, the gaps remain a statistically significant .5 and .7 of a standard deviation for AP and LW scores respectively after all the covariates are controlled for. The set of family characteristics that are significant predictors of the black-white test score gap varies across cohorts and across different tests. In general, however, family SES characteristics are important contributors to the gap between the test scores. Family income has a significant positive impact on AP scores in preschool years and six years later for the youngest cohort (but not on LW scores) though is generally not significant for older cohorts. We also find that gender differences in AP scores (lower for girls) start to emerge, not in preschool years, but as soon as children enter formal schooling and remain prominent in middle and high school years, and that black boys are losing more ground to their white counterparts than black girls.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                )

        )

    [192] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 34
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-06-05
            [number] => 08
            [title] => Did Welfare Reform Differentially Influence the Fertility of Young Teens? Assessing the Success of the "Living Arrangement Rule" and the "Stay-in-School Rule."
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Leonard M. Lopoo, Department of Public Administration, The Maxwell School, Syracuse University; Thomas DeLeire, Congressional Budget Office.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper08/TANF_Teen_NPC.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper08/TANF_Teen_NPC.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The Aid to Families with Dependent Children program was designed to provide cash assistance primarily to fatherless children regardless of the age of the child's mother and her living arrangements. During the 1990s several states received and implemented waivers to their programs requiring teenage mothers younger than 18 to live with an adult parent or legal guardian and enroll in high school in order to receive benefits. Later Congress added these rules to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 making them applicable to teen mothers who enrolled in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program. We examine whether the "living arrangement rule" and "stay-in-school rule" reduced fertility among women under 18 using natality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Our findings suggest that these rules led to a decline in fertility, primarily affecting non-Hispanic African American and non-Hispanic white teenagers. Our estimates imply that the percent decline in fertility rates postreform was 9.2 percentage points larger for teens aged 15 to 17 than for teens aged 18 or 19.

Key words: teenage childbearing, welfare reform
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [193] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 33
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-05-05
            [number] => 07
            [title] => Welfare Reform, Saving, and Vehicle Ownership: Do Asset Limits and Vehicle Exemptions Matter?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => James X. Sullivan, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper07/sullivan6_05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper07/sullivan6_05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper examines whether AFDC/TANF asset tests affect the asset holdings of low-educated single mothers, exploiting variation in asset limits and exemptions across states and over time. There are important reasons to examine vehicle assets in this context. For example, vehicles make up a very significant share of total wealth for poor families, and the variation in vehicle exemptions over time and across states far exceeds the variation in asset limits. Consistent with other recent research, I find little evidence that asset limits have an effect on the amount of liquid assets that single mothers hold. However, I find evidence that vehicle exemptions do have an important effect on vehicle assets. The findings suggest that moving from a $1500 vehicle exemption to a full vehicle exemption increases the probability of owning a car by 20 percentage points for low-educated single mothers relative to a comparison group. Also, the results indicate that single mothers are not substituting vehicle equity for liquid assets in response to more relaxed restrictions on vehicles.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 53
                )

        )

    [194] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 32
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-05-05
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Poverty and Economic Polarization among America's Minority and Immigrant Children.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Daniel T. Lichter, Zhenchao Qian, Martha L. Crowley. Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper06/05-6_LichterQianCrowley.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper06/05-6_LichterQianCrowley.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper examines recent changes in child poverty and income inequality in the 1990s among America's racial and immigrant minorities. The analyses are based on data from the 1990 and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples of the U.S. decennial censuses. First, we document changes in child poverty rates between 1990 and 2000 for several different race and nativity groups. Our results indicate that increasing maternal employment during the 1990s rather than changing family structure accounted for a substantial share of the recent decline in child poverty rates. Changes in family structure played a minor role in reducing child poverty in the 1990s but accounted for a large part of observed poverty differences among children of different minority groups. Second, we evaluate children's changing position in the family income distribution, i.e., whether there is a growing gap between rich and poor children in America and whether the income gap has been reinforced by growing racial diversity and immigration over the past decade. Our results show that income of the poorest children increased modestly in the 1990s (albeit not enough to shift them to the middle-class), and that income inequality among children unexpectedly slowed or even declined for some groups during the 1990s. These results indicate that analyses of poverty alone may misrepresent the changing circumstances of America's disadvantaged children. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 44
                            [keyword] => Immigration
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 44
                    [2] => 48
                )

        )

    [195] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 31
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-05-05
            [number] => 05
            [title] => Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-Being in Welfare-leaving Families.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Rachel Dunifon, Ph.D., Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University; Ariel Kalil, Ph.D., Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper05/Dunifon%20et%20al_DP_FINAL_TO_PRESS.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper05/Dunifon%20et%20al_DP_FINAL_TO_PRESS.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In the wake of welfare reform, thousands of low-income single mothers have transitioned into the labor market. This paper examines how the work conditions of mothers leaving welfare for employment are associated with the emotional well-being of 372 children ages 5 to 15. We examine the cumulative incidence, over a five-year period, of maternal non - �family - friendly� work conditions including long work hours, erratic work schedules, non-day shifts, and lengthy commute times in association with children�s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and levels of positive behavior. We find that mothers� lengthy commute times are associated with higher levels of internalizing problem behaviors and lower levels of positive behaviors.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [196] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 30
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-04-05
            [number] => 04
            [title] => Time and the Cost of Children.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bruce Bradbury, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper04/BradburyTimeCosts_NPC.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper04/BradburyTimeCosts_NPC.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper uses the 'adult goods' method to estimate the full costs of children. Full costs include both expenditure and time costs. Adult personal time (comprising pure leisure, sleep and other personal care) is used as the adult good. Previous research has shown that the presence of children in the household leads to a reduction in adult personal time. This paper develops a simple household economic model to show how this information can be used to develop an equivalence scale for adult consumption that takes account of both the expenditure and time costs of children. Preliminary estimates using Australian data suggest a very large cost. A couple with two children (one of which is in pre-school) require an income around 2.7 times as large as a couple with no children in order for the adults to have the same consumption level. The full cost of children appears to decline with age (despite the expenditure cost rising). The paper discusses the limitations of the adult good method and considers the broader welfare implications of these costs.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                )

        )

    [197] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 29
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-03-05
            [number] => 03
            [title] => A Measure of Spatial Segregation: The Generalized Neighborhood Sorting Index.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Paul A. Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas; Jeongdai Kim, University of Texas at Dallas.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper03/jargowsky_kim_21mar2005.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper03/jargowsky_kim_21mar2005.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The measurement of spatial segregation has often used measures such as the Neighborhood Sorting Index (NSI) or the Index of Dissimilarity (D) that do not take full account of space. We propose a Generalized Neighborhood Sorting Index (GNSI), an extension of NSI, in which each neighborhood is part of a broader community, the extent of which can be easily changed by increasing the order of contiguity or the allowable distance between neighborhood centroids. The GNSI has desirable characteristics as a valid spatial measure of segregation and significantly alleviates the checkerboard problem while NSI and similar measures are insensitive to the spatial arrangement of the geographic units in the analysis, such as census tracts. An application of GNSI to the ten largest metropolitan areas reveals that the GNSI gives a more complete account of the extent of economic segregation and the changes over time, and ranks the metropolitan areas differently in term of the level and changes in economic segregation. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
        )

    [198] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 28
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-03-05
            [number] => 02
            [title] => The GINI Coefficient and Segregation on a Continuous Variable.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Jeongdai Kim, University of Texas at Dallas; Paul A. Jargowsky, University of Texas at Dallas..
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper02/Kim_Jargowsky_Gini_Segregation.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper02/Kim_Jargowsky_Gini_Segregation.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The Gini Index is a widely used measure of income inequality. It has also been used as a segregation measure, but only in the case of binary variables, e.g. race or gender. We develop a general version of the Gini Index that can accommodate either continuous or binary variables, and discuss its relationship to existing measures. Using the Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 Census, we illustrate the calculation of the Index and show that it is highly correlated with an existing measure of economic segregation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 49
                )

        )

    [199] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 27
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-01-05
            [number] => 01
            [title] => The Material Well-Being of Single Mother Households in the 1980s and 1990s: What Can We Learn from Food Spending?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Thomas DeLeire, Michigan State University. Helen Levy, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper01/DeLeireLevy_Jan2005_2_edit.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper01/DeLeireLevy_Jan2005_2_edit.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A combination of welfare reform, expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit, and other policy changes led to increases in the labor supply of single mothers in the 1990s and a decline in their participation in cash welfare programs. Whether the material well-being of single mothers and their families has improved is less clear. Meyer and Sullivan (2004) report that single mothers' food expenditure increased during the 1990s and conclude that their well-being either improved or remained the same, relative to single childless women or married women with children.   Our reading of the data suggests that a more cautious interpretation is in order. In particular, we note that increases in food spending do not necessarily reflect increases in well-being. Total food spending may change even though the actual food consumed did not if there is a shift from home-prepared food to commercially prepared or restaurant food. We examine trends in spending on food at home and food away from home using data from the Consumer Expenditure Diary Survey and find that they are consistent with such a shift.   We find that the entire increase in food expenditure can be explained by a shift from food at home to food away from home.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 53
                )

        )

    [200] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 26
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-12-05
            [number] => 17
            [title] => Income Poverty and Material Hardship: How Strong is the Association?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => John Iceland, University of Maryland. Kurt Bauman, U.S. Census Bureau.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper17/04-17.pdf
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                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper17/04-17.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Many have argued that �poverty� should represent more than just a shortfall of income in a given time period, as it is most often currently measured. While researchers have generally assumed that more severe experiences of income poverty are more strongly associated with other, perhaps intrinsically more important, material well-being outcomes, this paper is one of the first to empirically examine the extent of these relationships.  Using data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation, We find that income poverty is strongly associated with food insecurity, difficulty meeting basic needs, and possession of consumer durables. While poverty had a significant association with the three other hardship measures considered�housing problems, neighborhood problems, and fear of crime�these associations were not as strong, as the latter are likely more affected by other factors such as assets and location of residence.  Our findings therefore suggest that various measures of material hardship should not be considered monolithically either conceptually or even from a policy perspective, where, for example, short-term income transfers would likely have different effects on different basic capabilities.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 49
                )

        )

    [201] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 25
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-12-05
            [number] => 16
            [title] => Effects of Child Health on Sources of Public Support.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Nancy E. Reichman, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Hope Corman, Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Kelly Noonan, Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper16/04-16.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper16/04-16.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We estimate the effects of having a child in poor health on the mother�s receipt of both cash assistance and in-kind public support in the form of food, health care, and shelter. We control for a rich set of covariates, include state fixed effects, and test for the potential endogeneity of child health. Mothers with children in poor health are 5 percentage points (20%) more likely to rely on TANF and 16 percentage points more likely to rely on cash assistance (TANF and/or SSI) than those with healthy children. They are also more likely than those with healthy children to receive Medicaid and housing assistance, but not WIC or food stamps.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [202] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 24
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-12-05
            [number] => 15
            [title] => The Effect of an Applicant�s Criminal History on Employer Hiring Decisions and Screening Practices: Evidence from Los Angeles.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown Public Policy Institute, Georgetown University. Steven Raphael, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley. Michael A. Stoll, Department of Public Policy, School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper15/04-15.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper15/04-15.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper, we analyze data from a new survey of employers in the Los Angeles metropolitan area that includes detailed information regarding employer sentiments about ex-offenders, actual hiring behavior with respect to ex-offenders, and the methods used to screen the criminal histories of applicants. A more nuanced portrait of how criminal histories affect employer hiring decisions emerges from these data. Our analysis reveals that, while most employers would probably not hire an ex-offender, a sizable number would consider mitigating factors, such as the type of offense committed and when it occurred. In addition, we find that the use of criminal history checks has increased considerably over the past decade � especially after September 11, 2001 � and that many employers use private internet services to perform such checks. About half of these employers do so because they believe they are legally required to. We also investigate the firm and job characteristics that correlate with the use of criminal background checks and the likelihood of hiring ex-offenders. Our results suggest that providing accurate information to employers about offenders� histories and recent activities could potentially raise the demand for their labor, while attempts to review the legal barriers states have imposed on the hiring of offenders might help as well.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 32
                    [1] => 38
                )

        )

    [203] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 23
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-11-05
            [number] => 14
            [title] => Narrowing the Food Insecurity Gap Between Food Stamp Participants and Eligible Non-Participants: The Role of State Policies.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Craig Gundersen, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University. Dean Jolliffe, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Laura Tiehen, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper14/04-14.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper14/04-14.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The effectiveness of a welfare program is often measured by comparing the material well-being of participants to that of non-participants.   A common measure of the Food Stamp Program's effectiveness is the difference in food insecurity rates between participants and eligible non-participants.   Reductions in this difference are typically assumed to indicate that the food security status of food stamp participants has improved, but it is also possibly indicative of decreased participation by households most at risk of food insecurity. We use variation in state policies and data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to analyze the latter explanation.   Controlling for other factors, we find that States with policies which discourage participation by at risk households have lower differences in the food insecurity rates of participants and non-participants.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 41
                            [keyword] => Food Assistance Programs and Food Security
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 41
                    [1] => 47
                )

        )

    [204] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 22
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-08-05
            [number] => 13
            [title] => Poverty, Prices and Place: How Sensitive is the Spatial Distribution of Poverty to Cost of Living Adjustments?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Dean Jolliffe, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper13/04-13.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper13/04-13.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => This paper uses a spatial price index based on the Fair Market Rent (FMR) data to examine how accounting for cost of living differences across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas affects measured rates of poverty.  The headcount, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap measures from the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke family of poverty measures provide comparisons of measures that vary in degree of sensitivity to changes in the income distribution of the poor.   In every year since the Federal government began tracking poverty, the headcount measure has been higher in nonmetro than metro areas. The metro-nonmetro difference in poverty has been significantly less pronounced when considering the squared poverty gap measure indicating that disproportionately more of the nonmetropolitan poor subsist on incomes near the poverty line.   The Fair Market Rents index is approximately 20 percent lower in nonmetro areas than in metro areas and using this index to adjust income for spatial price differences results in a complete reversal of nonmetro-metro poverty rankings over the three measures from 1991 to 2002.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 50
                            [keyword] => Rural Poverty
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 52
                            [keyword] => Urban Poverty
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 47
                    [1] => 50
                    [2] => 52
                )

        )

    [205] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 21
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-06-05
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Why did the Welfare Caseload Decline?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Caroline Danielson, Welfare Policy Research Project, University of California. Jacob Alex Klerman, RAND.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper12/04-12.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper12/04-12.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A substantial literature has considered the effects of welfare reform policies on the aggregate caseload but has been less successful in disaggregating the effects of specific policies.  Using monthly caseload data from October 1989 through June 2003, we estimate a flexible model for the dynamic response of the welfare caseload to the economy and to the three major welfare reform policies.  Our results are consistent with the predictions of economic theory and indicate the importance of carefully specifying the intensity and dynamics of policy changes and of including a rich set of measures of the economy. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 53
                )

        )

    [206] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 20
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-06-05
            [number] => 11
            [title] => The Pitfalls of Using a Child Support Schedule Based on Outdated Data.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => William M. Rodgers III, Bloustein School of Public Policy, Rutgers University and John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development. Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, Department of Women and Gender Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper11/04-11.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper11/04-11.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A strong rationale for updating child support guidelines arises from changes over time in the measurement of expenditures on children, as well as changes in the empirical relationship between expenditures on children and the income of parents. Such changes affect the accuracy of the numerics upon which states' child support guidelines are based.   This study evaluates an alternative child support guideline that was proposed for Virginia and draws lessons for other states that similarly base their guidelines on older survey data.   Regression results show that over time, the child expenditure and household income relationship has changed considerably. Furthermore, the largest increases in expenditures attributable to children have occurred for lower- and middle-income  households. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                )

        )

    [207] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 19
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-06-05
            [number] => 10
            [title] => Single Mothers' Employment Dynamics and Adolescent Well-Being.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ariel Kalil, Ph.D., Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago; Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest, M.P.A., Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
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                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper10/04-10.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper10/04-10.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The booming economy of the mid-to-late 1990�s helped single mothers reach unprecedented employment levels. Researchers have been concerned with the largely unaddressed questions of whether single mothers who enter the workforce will be able to earn a living wage, the stability of women�s jobs over time, and the links between these job characteristics and child well-being.  In this paper, we use data from a nationally-representative sample of single mothers whose employment experiences we observe over a two-year period during the mid-to-late 1990�s. We rely on mothers� weekly work histories to create detailed patterns of employment, which we then link to change over time in the well-being of the mothers� adolescent children.  Controlling for a wide array of background characteristics and potential selection factors, we find that, relative to being continuously employed in a good job, adolescents whose mothers lose a job without regaining employment show declines in mastery and self-esteem.  Those whose mothers are continuously employed in a bad job show an increase in grade repetition and those whose mothers are either persistently out of the labor force or lose more than one job show an increased likelihood of school drop-out. These effects are largely unexplained by concomitant changes in family income.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 36
                )

        )

    [208] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 18
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-05-05
            [number] => 09
            [title] => Watching the Clock Tick: Factors Associated with TANF Accumulation.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kristin S. Seefeldt, Research Investigator, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Sean M. Orzol, Research Analyst, Mathematica Policy Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper9/04-09.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper9/04-09.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The 1996 welfare reform included provisions making extended welfare stays more difficult, one of the most notable a 60 month lifetime time limit on receipt of benefits through the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. We use four waves of data from the Women�s Employment Study to determine which personal characteristics are associated with accumulating months on TANF at low (less than 20 months of receipt), medium (20 to 39 months), or high (40 to 60 months) levels. We find that many of the same factors are associated with being in both the medium and high accumulation groups (relative to the low group). However, demographic variables, such as the presence of a partner and the number of children, seem to matter more in determining whether or not someone will accumulate a relatively �low� as opposed to a �medium� amount of time on TANF. While these factors matter for the high accumulation group, the presence of human capital problems, as well as persistent personal and family challenges, such as child and maternal health problems and domestic violence, all greatly increase the likelihood of being in the high group and accumulating many months toward the 60 month time limit.   
Key words: welfare receipt, welfare reform, time limits  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 51
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [209] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 17
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-05-05
            [number] => 08
            [title] => Escaping Low Earnings: the Role of Employer Characteristics and Changes.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University, The Urban Institute. Julia I. Lane, The Urban Institute, US Census Bureau. Lars Vilhuber, Cornell University.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper8/04-08.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper8/04-08.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper, we analyze the extent to which escape from or entry into low earnings among adult workers is associated with changes in their employers and firm characteristics. We do so using a unique dataset based on individual Unemployment Insurance wage records that are matched to other Census data.   Our results show considerable mobility into and out of low earnings status, even for adults. They indicate that job changes are an important part of the process by which workers escape or enter low-wage status, and that changes in employer characteristics help to account for these changes. Matches between personal and firm characteristics also contribute to observed earning outcomes.   
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [210] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 16
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-05-05
            [number] => 07
            [title] => New Fathers' Labor Supply: Does Child Health Matter?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kelly Noonan, Rider University, National Bureau of Economic Research. Nancy E. Reichman, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Hope Corman, Rider University, National Bureau of Economic Research. 
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper7/04-07.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper7/04-07.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We estimate the effect of poor child health on the labor supply of new fathers post welfare reform, using a national sample of mostly unwed parents and their children--a group at high risk of living in poverty.  We address the potential endogeneity of child health and find that having a young child in poor health reduces the father's probability of being employed by eight percentage points and that it reduces his work effort by over five hours per week.   These results add to a growing body of literature suggesting that young children with serious health problems are likely to receive lower levels of health investment than their healthier peers.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 33
                            [keyword] => Disadvantaged Males and Fatherhood
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 33
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [211] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 15
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-05-05
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Mothers� Labor Supply in Fragile Families: The Role of Child Health.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Hope Corman, Rider University, National Bureau of Economic Research; Nancy E. Reichman, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Kelly Noonan, Rider University, National Bureau of Economic Research.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper6/04-06.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper6/04-06.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We estimate the effect of poor child health on the labor supply of mothers post welfare reform, using a national sample of mostly unwed parents and their children�a group at high risk of living in poverty.  We address the potential endogeneity of child health and find that having a young child in poor health reduces the mother�s probability of working by eight percentage points and her hours of work by three per week when she is employed. These results suggest that children�s health problems may diminish their families� capacity to invest in their health. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                    [1] => 42
                )

        )

    [212] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 14
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-04-05
            [number] => 05
            [title] => Declining Employment Among Young Black Less-Educated Men: The Role of Incarceration and Child Support..
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University and Urban Institute; Paul Offner, Urban Institute; Elaine Sorensen, Urban Institute.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper5/04-05.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper5/04-05.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => In this paper, we document the continuing decline in employment and labor force participation of black men between the ages of 16 and 34 who have a high school education or less.   We explore the extent to which these trends can be accounted for in recent years by two fairly new developments: 1) The dramatic growth in the number of young black men who have been incarcerated; and 2) Strengthened enforcement of child support policies.   We use micro-level data from the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Groups (CPS-ORG), along with state-level data over time on incarceration rates and child support enforcement, to test these hypotheses.  Our results indicate that post-incarceration effects and child support policies both contribute to the decline in employment activity among young black less-educated men in the last two decades, especially among those aged 25-34.   
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 30
                            [keyword] => Child Support
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 30
                    [1] => 32
                    [2] => 38
                )

        )

    [213] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 13
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-04-05
            [number] => 04
            [title] => Welfare Reform and Children's Living Arrangements.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marianne P. Bitler, RAND Corporation. Jonah B. Gelbach, University of Maryland. Hilary W. Hoynes, University of California, Davis and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper4/04-04.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper4/04-04.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Relatively little is known about the impact of welfare reform on children's living arrangements, which was an important focus of reformers.   We use data from the March CPS to examine this question. Our findings suggest three main conclusions.   First, welfare reform in some cases has had large e ects on parental co-residence among children. Second, those effects are neither entirely aligned with the stated goals of reform nor entirely in spite of these goals. Third, there is a great deal of treatment effect heterogeneity both with respect to racial and ethnic groups and with respect to whether reforms were waivers, TANF in states that had waivers, or TANF in states that did not. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [214] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 12
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-04-05
            [number] => 03
            [title] => What Mean Impacts Miss: Distributional Effects of Welfare Reform Experiments.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Marianne P. Bitler, RAND Corporation and IZA. Jonah B. Gelbach, University of Maryland. Hilary W. Hoynes, University of California , Davis and NBER.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper3/04-03.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper3/04-03.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Labor supply theory predicts systematic heterogeneity in the impact of recent welfare reforms on earnings, transfers, and income. Yet most welfare reform research focuses on mean impacts.  We investigate the importance of heterogeneity using random-assignment data from Connecticut's Jobs First waiver, which features key elements of post-1996 welfare programs. Estimated quantile treatment effects exhibit the substantial heterogeneity predicted by labor supply theory. Thus mean impacts miss a great deal. Looking separately at dropouts and other women does not improve the performance of mean impacts.   Evaluating Jobs First relative to AFDC using a class of social welfare functions, we find that Jobs First's performance depends on the degree of inequality aversion, the relative valuation of earnings and transfers, and whether one accounts for Jobs First's greater costs.  We conclude that welfare reform's effects are likely both more varied and more extensive than has been recognized.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 49
                            [keyword] => Research Methods
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 53
                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 49
                    [1] => 53
                )

        )

    [215] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 11
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-02-05
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Marriage on the Public Policy Agenda: What Do Policy Makers Need to Know from Research?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kristin S. Seefeldt, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy
The University of Michigan. Pamela J. Smock, Department of Sociology & Population Studies Center, The University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper2/04-02.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper2/04-02.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => For the last 30 years, encouraging employment has been the primary focus of U.S. anti-poverty policies. More recently, however, promoting the formation and maintenance of �healthy marriages� has emerged as a central feature of domestic social policy in the United States, with proposals pending that would allocate up to $1.5 billion to undertake and evaluate marriage promotion efforts.  The central goal of this paper is to elaborate the implications of social science research for such efforts. We proceed as follows. After reviewing trends in family structure and theories and empirical evidence that attempt to account for these trends, we discuss various proposed marriage promotion policies and activities. Next, we identify potential challenges to designing, evaluating, and learning from these initiatives. We conclude with recommendations for research needed in order to move policy forward.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 39
                            [keyword] => Marriage, Family Formation and Reproductive Issues
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 39
                )

        )

    [216] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 10
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2004-01-05
            [number] => 01
            [title] => Medicare Gaps and Widow Poverty.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Kathleen McGarry, University of California, Los Angeles and NBER; Robert F. Schoeni, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper1/04-01.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper04/paper1/04-01.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Several categories of medical expenditures are not covered by Medicare, including prescription drugs, most nursing home stays, and extended hospital visits. Out-of-pocket costs for these items can be substantial, and what�s more, they are likely to be concentrated at the end of life.   At the same time, it is well documented that poverty is 3-4 times more common among widows than among similarly aged married women.  This study examines the potential link between these two phenomena, asking the question: to what extent do out-of-pocket health care costs of a dying spouse affect the financial position of the survivor?   We find that out-of-pocket medical spending increases substantially just prior to death, and that these expenditures are large relative to income for a large share of elderly couples.   Simulations investigate the extent to which expansions in insurance coverage to include nursing home care or prescription drug coverage could improve the financial well-being of the surviving spouse.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:13:48
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                )

        )

    [217] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 59
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-12-05
            [number] => 05
            [title] => Long term employment of African-American and white welfare recipients and the role of persistent health and mental health problems.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mary Corcoran, Professor of Political Science, Public Policy, Social Work, and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan. Sandra Danziger, Associate Professor of Social Work and Director of the Michigan Program on Poverty and Social Welfare Policy at the University of Michigan. Richard Tolman, Professor of Social Work at the University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper5/03-5.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper5/03-5.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We use a panel study of Michigan current and former welfare recipients to estimate the prevalence and persistence of health problems in the post-reform welfare population and their role in women�s employment.   Rates of health problems were disproportionately high. Over 70 percent of current and former welfare recipients reported limitations in physical functioning; over 60 percent met the criteria for a mental health disorder measured in the study; and 37 percent reported having a child with a health problem in at least one of four interviews over a 4� -year period.  Women who reported physical health, mental health, or child health problems at multiple waves worked fewer months.  There were no race-based differences in employment length or in physical health problems, but African-Americans were less likely than whites to meet the diagnostic screening criteria for depression, to meet criteria for general anxiety disorder, and to report a child with a health problem.  These findings suggest that the inclusion of persistent health problems as determinants of work in human capital models increases understanding of the transition from welfare to work. Policies need to reexamine welfare�s work requirements to encourage states to provide services and supports to recipients. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 48
                            [keyword] => Race and Ethnicity
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 42
                    [1] => 48
                )

        )

    [218] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 65
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-11-05
            [number] => 11
            [title] => Childcare Subsidies and the Transition from Welfare to Work.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sandra K. Danziger, Elizabeth Oltmans Ananat, and Kimberly G. Browning, University of Michigan Program on Poverty and Social Welfare Policy.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper11/03-11.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper11/03-11.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => We address how childcare subsidies help in the welfare-to-work transition relative to other factors. We examine how the policy operates, whether childcare problems differ by subsidy receipt and the effect of subsidy on work.   Data are from a random sample panel study of welfare recipients post-1996. Findings show that subsidy receipt reduces costs but not parenting stress or problems with care. It predicts earnings and work duration net of other factors.  Increased use of subsidies by eligible families and greater funding for childcare would help meet the demand for this important support for working poor families.  
KEY WORDS: childcare, subsidy, welfare, mothers� employment.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 31
                            [keyword] => Child Well-being and Child Development
                        )

                    [1] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                    [2] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 51
                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 31
                    [1] => 38
                    [2] => 51
                )

        )

    [219] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 64
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-10-05
            [number] => 10
            [title] => The Disparate Labor Market Impacts of Monetary Policy.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Seth B. Carpenter, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. William M. Rodgers III, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey and John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development.
            [co_authors] => 
            [link_XML_array] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [name] => A
                            [attrs] => Array
                                (
                                    [HREF] => http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper10/03-10rev2.pdf
                                )

                            [tagData] => Download paper here.
                        )

                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper10/03-10rev2.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Employing two widely used approaches to identify the impacts of monetary policy, this paper explores the differential impact of policy on the labor market outcomes of teenagers, minorities, out-ofschool youth, and less-skilled individuals.   Evidence from recursive VARs and ADL models that use information on contractionary initiatives by the Federal Reserve indicate that the employment-population ratio of minorities is more sensitive to contractionary monetary policy than that of whites, primarily falling due to an increase in unemployment and not a decline in labor force participation.   Monetary policy appears to have a disproportionate effect on the unemployment rate of teenagers, particularly African American teenagers. Their employment-population ratios fall due to increased difficulty in obtaining employment. The larger responses are not due to their higher likelihood of being employed in industries and occupations that are more sensitive to contractionary monetary policy.  
Keywords:   Monetary Policy Federal Funds Rate  Labor Market Outcomes Teenagers, African Americans, Hispanics, and Out-of-School Youth  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                    [0] => Array
                        (
                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
                        )

                )

            [keyword_ids] => Array
                (
                    [0] => 38
                )

        )

    [220] => Array
        (
            [target_path] => /publications/working_papers
            [publication_id] => 62
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-10-05
            [number] => 08
            [title] => Filling the Poverty Gap: Then and Now.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => James P. Ziliak, Department of Economics and UK Center for Poverty Research, University of Kentucky.
            [co_authors] => 
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper8/03-08.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The extent to which means-tested transfers, social insurance, and tax credits fill the gap between a family�s private resources and the poverty threshold is a periodic barometer of the social safety net. Using data on families from the Current Population Survey I examine how the level and composition of before- and after-tax and after-transfer poverty gaps changed in response to changes in the policy and economic landscapes over the past two decades.   The estimates presented here indicate not only dramatic changes in the level and sources of income maintenance programs filling the poverty gap, but also dramatic changes in which demographic groups successfully fill the gap. From the peak-to-peak business-cycle years of 1979 to 1999, the fraction of the gap left unfilled among non-elderly families in poverty has expanded by 25 percent, while the unfilled gap has increased by 50 percent among single female-headed families, families headed by non-whites, and families residing in the Northeast.   In a given year the poor in the South fill considerably less of the poverty gap with cash assistance, but make up for much of the shortfall with higher payments of food stamps, SSI, and SSDI. Over time the poor in all regions of the country have substituted SSI, SSDI, and the EITC for cash welfare. Indeed, by 1999 the unfilled gap for families with related children present would be one-fifth larger without the EITC.  With the exception of married-couple families, this apparent rate of replacement of disability payments and tax credits for cash assistance is less than one for one, leaving most poor families, especially non-white families and single female-headed families, financially more vulnerable today than in previous decades.  
Keywords: Poverty, Social Policy, Disability, Regional Variation.  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
            [keywords] => Array
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                            [id] => 47
                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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                            [keyword] => Social Welfare Programs and Policies
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            [publication_id] => 63
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-09-05
            [number] => 09
            [title] => Consequences from the Redistribution of Urban Poverty During the 1990s: A Cautionary Tale.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => George C. Galster, College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs, Wayne State University.
            [co_authors] => 
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper9/03-09.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Conventional wisdom notwithstanding, the recent spatial redistribution of the urban poor does not necessarily bode well for the future.   During the 1990s, the share of metropolitan population living in census tracts with high percentages (over 40 percent) of poverty indeed has fallen significantly, but the shares with 10-20 percent and 20-40 percent poverty rates have each risen one percentage point.   These latter shifts are worrisome because many neighborhoods may have been pushed over their thresholds where poverty concentrations start to create significant externalities for neighbors. 
Keywords: Concentrated poverty, threshold effects, neighborhoods 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [keyword] => Poverty Trends and Measurement
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            [publication_id] => 61
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-09-05
            [number] => 07
            [title] => Single Mother Work And Poverty Under Welfare Reform: Are Policy Impacts Different In Rural Areas?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Bruce Weber, Oregon State University. Mark Edwards, Oregon State University. Greg Duncan, Northwestern University.
            [co_authors] => 
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            [link] => Array
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper7a/03-07.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => During the 1990s, employment increased and poverty declined for single mothers in rural and urban areas. Our results suggest that, holding demographics constant, changes in welfare and social policy during this decade contributed to employment increases�but not to poverty reduction�for both rural and urban single mothers.   If rural and urban demographics had been the same, the policy changes would have increased employment and reduced poverty more in rural areas. Without demographic controls, however, estimated policy impacts were no better in rural places.   This suggests that rural demographic changes limited the policy impact on rural single-mother work and poverty.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [keyword] => Rural Poverty
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                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
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            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-08-05
            [number] => 06
            [title] => Moving from Public Housing to Homeownership: Perceived Barriers to Program Participation and Success.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Anna M. Santiago and George C. Galster, Wayne State University.
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            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper6/03-06.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => The goals of public housing have evolved from providing shelter to providing opportunities for escaping from welfare and buying one's own home. Despite numerous federal policies aimed at enhancing resident self-sufficiency and homeownership through programs run by local public housing authorities, little is known about who participates and who succeeds.  This study explores barriers to participation and success in an innovative resident self-sufficiency /homeownership program developed by the Housing Authority of the City and County of Denver. We conduct a survey of participants in the Foundations for Homeownership program, eliciting their perceptions regarding willingness and ability to participate in the program and, thereafter, completing it successfully.  We find that at time of entry into the program, participants report, on average, 4.6 major barriers that they perceive would limit their ability to achieve current goals. Poor credit ratings, not having enough savings, low earnings, carrying too much debt, and perceived discrimination against low income people by mortgage lenders were seen as the primary obstacles affecting participant ability to achieve their goals.  When asked about the factors which affect public housing residents' ability to participate in homeownership programs, participants identified the following as major problems: lack of affordable day care; not knowing about available resources; lack of education or training; lack of confidence in the ability to succeed; substance abuse; and the unwillingness or inability to make the effort or commitment to reach personal goals.   Major barriers affecting the willingness of public housing residents to participate in homeownership programs include carrying too much debt; not earning a high enough hourly wage; not having enough savings; the lack of a steady job; not being able to budget earnings effectively; and poor credit ratings. Respondents suggest that increasing earnings, repairing credit, perseverance, and learning how to budget are the major vehicles for overcoming these barriers.  OLS and logistic regression analyses were conducted to ascertain the degree to which perceived barriers were associated with participants' demographic, economic, or attitudinal characteristics. Larger numbers of perceived barriers to achieving goals were associated with African American or Latino status. Relative to those living in conventional public housing developments, residents in Section 8 housing reported fewer perceived barriers.   Higher levels of self-esteem were associated with fewer perceived barriers; higher levels of self-efficacy were associated with higher odds of participants expecting to be better off and attaining homeownership.  
Keywords: homeownership, public housing, self efficacy, self esteem, barriers  
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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            [date_added] => 2003-06-05
            [number] => 01
            [title] => Pay Differences Among the Highly Trained: Cohort Differences in the Male-Female Earnings Gap in Lawyers� Salaries.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Mary C. Noonan, Department of Sociology, University of Iowa. Mary E. Corcoran, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan. Paul N. Courant, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
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            [link] => Array
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                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper1/03-1.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

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            [abstract] => Using unique data from University of Michigan Law School graduates we test predictions from three sets of social science explanations of gender-based earnings gaps as to how sex differences in pay should have evolved as women entered an elite male field: law.  We compare male/female differences in earnings 15 years after graduation for two cohorts: (1) men and women who graduated from law school between 1972 and 1978, and (2) men and women who graduated from law school between 1979 and 1985. We find that the gender gap in earnings has remained relatively constant; 15 years after graduation, women in both cohorts earn approximately 60% of men�s earnings.  Penalties to part-time work and career interruptions also remain steady. While within occupation sex segregation has declined over time, sex differences in hours worked have increased and assume a more prominent role in explaining the sex gap in lawyers� earnings. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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            [publication_id] => 58
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-05-05
            [number] => 04
            [title] => Street Crime and Street Culture.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Dan Silverman, Department of Economics, University of Michigan.
            [co_authors] => 
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                    [0] => Array
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper4/03-4.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A model of social interactions shows why and when reputation concerns may support an �underclass� culture of street crime where the incentives for such behavior are otherwise weak. Those who do not gain from street crime directly nevertheless find it optimal to invest in violence and thereby build a reputation that will earn them deference from the rest of the community.  Even when the fraction of the population with a direct interest in street crime is small a larger proportion may necessarily participate in violence in pursuit of reputation. The model reveals a welfare tradeoff between the gains from information revelation and the costs of reputation-based violence. The model also shows how the social structure of a community interacts with local returns to crime to determine the value of a street reputation and therefore street crime. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 32
                            [keyword] => Crime, Incarceration, and the Labor Market
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                    [0] => 32
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            [date_added] => 2003-05-05
            [number] => 03
            [title] => Welfare Work Requirements and Child Well-Being: Evidence From the Effects on Breastfeeding).
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven J. Haider, Department of Economics, Michigan State University. Alison Jacknowitz, RAND Graduate School. Robert F. Schoeni, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper3/03-3.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => A central theme of welfare reform is recipients are required to engage in work activities. In many states these work requirements apply to mothers whose children are a few months old, potentially increasing the costs and decreasing the prevalence of breastfeeding. Given the substantial benefits of breastfeeding, any reduction represents an important negative consequence of these requirements.  Our results suggest that, in the absence of welfare reform, the national breastfeeding rate six months after birth would have been 5.5% higher in 2000. Such negative consequences of these policies must be weighed against potential benefits as states refine their welfare programs.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [id] => 42
                            [keyword] => Health, Health Insurance, and Health Care
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                            [keyword] => Welfare Reform and the Administration of Welfare Programs
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                    [2] => 53
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            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2003-02-05
            [number] => 02
            [title] => Food Stamps and the Elderly: Why is Participation So Low?
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Steven J. Haider, Department of Economics, Michigan State University. Robert F. Schoeni, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Alison Jacknowitz, RAND Graduate School.
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                )

            [link] => Array
                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/working_papers/paper2/03-02.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => Estimates imply that only one-third of elderly persons who are eligible for food stamps actually participate in the program, which is half the rate that exists among younger people. This study investigates potential reasons for the relatively low take-up rate among the elderly.  Analyzing new data, we conclude that the low take-up rate is not explained by measurement error and little is explained by various behavioral factors. Despite this much lower take-up rate, elderly who are eligible for assistance but not enrolled in the program do not appear to be especially needy. 
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:09:49
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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           <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: </span><a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief31/PolicyBrief31.pdf">Receipt of Public Benefits and Private Support among Low-income Households with Children after the Great Recession</a> (Adobe PDF)</p>
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           <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief:</span><a href="http://npc.umich.edu/publications/policy_briefs/brief28/policybrief28.pdf"> Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1996 to 2011</a> (Adobe PDF)</p>
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<a name='publication1' id='publication1'></a> <p><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Working Paper: </span><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=241&'><span class='mainlinks'><strong>"The Welfare Reforms of the 1990s and the Stratification of Material Well-Being among Low-Income Households with Children"</strong></span></a> H. Luke Shaefer, University of Michigan and Marci Ybarra, University of Chicago</span></p>

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<a name='publication2' id='publication2'></a> <p><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Working Paper: </span><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=240&'><span class='mainlinks'><strong>"The Continuum of Connection:  Low-income Families and Economic Support during the Great Recession"</strong></span></a> Kristin Seefeldt, Indiana University and Meredith Horowski, University of Michigan</span></p>

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<a name='publication3' id='publication3'></a> <p><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Working Paper: </span><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=239&'><span class='mainlinks'><strong>"Familial Financial Assistance to Young Adults"</strong></span></a> Patrick Wightman and Robert Schoeni, University of Michigan and Keith Robinson, University of Texas at Austin</span></p>

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<a name='publication4' id='publication4'></a> <p><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Working Paper: </span><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=238&'><span class='mainlinks'><strong>"A Very Uneven Road: US Labor Markets in the Past 30 Years"</strong></span></a> Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University and AIR<br />
Marek Hlavac, Harvard University</span></p>

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<a name='publication5' id='publication5'></a> <p><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Working Paper: </span><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=237&'><span class='mainlinks'><strong>"Housing Assistance and Disconnection from Welfare and Work: Assessing the Impacts of Public Housing and Tenant-based Rental Subsidies"</strong></span></a> Andrea Hetling, Rutgers<br />
Hilary Botein, Baruch College</span></p></p>

    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Conference Materials:  <a href="news/events/early_life_events_III/">The Long-run Impacts of Early Life Events III</a></span> </p>
    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Conference Materials:  <a href="news/events/safetynet/index.php">Rethinking the Safety Net after the Great Recession</a></span> </p>
    
    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief22/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">Sharing Lessons from the First Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the United States</span></a></span> </p>

<p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief21/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">Reconsidering Culture and Poverty</span></a></span></p>
<p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief20/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">The Health Effects of Social and Economic Policy: The Promise and Challenge for Research and Policy</span></a></span></p>
 <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief18/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">Social and Economic Policies as Health Policy: Moving Towards a New Approach to Improving Health in America</span></a></span></p>
       <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">New Book: </span> <a href="https://www.russellsage.org/publications/books/090728.344540" target="_blank"> <span class="mainlinks">&ldquo;Changing Poverty, Changing Policies&rdquo;</span></a> Maria Cancian and Sheldon Danziger (editors)</p>
    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief14/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">Using Financial Innovation to Support Savers: From Coercion to Excitement</span></a></span></p>
       <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Policy Brief: <a href="publications/policy_briefs/brief16/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">The Colors of Poverty: Why Racial &amp; Ethnic Disparities Persist</span></a></span></p>
       
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    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Funded Research: <a href="opportunities/research_grants/2009_poverty_grants/index.php"><span class="mainlinks">Immigration and Poverty</span></a></span></p>
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    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Podcast: </span><span class="mainlinks"><strong><a href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/podcast/audio.php?id=1268">U.S. Poverty Rising Again</a> </strong></span> NPC Director Sheldon Danziger discusses the increased U.S. poverty level. Presented as part of the University of Michigan's News Service <a href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/podcast/podcast.php">Weekly Podcast</a>.</p>
    <p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Video/Transcript: <a href="news/events/insufficient-funds/index.php">Insufficient Funds: Savings, Assets, Credit and Banking Among Low-Income Households</a></span></p>
		<p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Video/Audio: </span><span class="mainlinks"><strong><a href="news/events/william-julius-wilson/index.php">More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City</a></strong></span> by William Julius Wilson, Harvard University</p>
	<p class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Podcast: </span><span class="mainlinks"><strong><a href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/podcast/audio.php?id=878">Changing Poverty</a></strong></span> by Sheldon Danziger, University of Michigan. Presented as part of the University of Michigan's News Service <a href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/podcast/podcast.php">Weekly Podcast</a>.</p>
	<p class="maintext"><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Video/Audio: </span><a href="publications/multimedia/index.php#seefeldt"><span class="mainlinks"><strong>Working after Welfare: How Women Balance Jobs and Family in the Wake of Welfare Reform</strong></span></a> </span>by Kristin Seefeldt, University of Michigan</p>
	<p class="maintext"><span class="maintext"><span class="mainheads">Video/Audio: </span><a href="publications/multimedia/index.php#edelman"><span class="mainlinks"><strong>Charting a Course for the Next Generation</strong></span></a> </span>by Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund</p>
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	<p><span class="maintext">National Poverty Center
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