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            [date_added] => 2012-05-02
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            [title] => Familial Financial Assistance to Young Adults
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            [authors] => Patrick Wightman and Robert Schoeni, University of Michigan and Keith Robinson, University of Texas at Austin
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            [abstract] => We use the Transition to Adulthood (TA) Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine current trends in financial and material assistance provided by parents to their college-age, young adult children. We also investigate the determinants of these transfers. We find that most young adults receive some form of assistance and that the average annual value of all transfers is substantial, roughly $7,500. We find large disparities by family SES, although we also find that as a share of total family income, the total value of all transfers is fairly consistent across the income distribution. We show that controlling for young peoples’ college attendance, childhood cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics, family income is the most important predictor of both the receipt and value of parental assistance. We find some evidence that parents’ perception of childhood behavior influences discretionary transfers, i.e. gifts and loans. Finally, we find some evidence that these trends were affected by the recession of 2007-2009.
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            [last_modified] => 2012-12-17 14:17:11
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            [date_added] => 2011-09-19
            [number] => 27
            [title] => Re-examining the Impact of Dropping out on Criminal and Labor Outcomes in Early Adulthood
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => David Bjerk, Claremont McKenna College
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            [abstract] => This paper shows that while high school dropouts fare far worse on average   than otherwise similar high school completers in early adulthood   outcomes such as success in the labor market and future criminal   activity, there are important differences within this group of dropouts.   Notably, those who feel "pulled" out of school (i.e, they say they   dropped out of school to work or take care of family) do similarly with   respect to labor market and criminal outcomes in their early twenties to individuals with similar predropout characteristics who complete high   school. It is only those who feel they are more "pushed" out of school (i.e, they say they drop out for other reasons including expulsion, poor grades, moving, and not liking school) who do substantially worse than   otherwise similar high school completers. These results suggest that any   detrimental impacts from dropping out of school arise primarily when   the drop out does not have a plan for how to use his time after dropping out.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2013-01-16 16:47:51
            [last_modified_by] => myersca
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            [date_added] => 2010-08-05
            [number] => 6
            [title] => Parental Job Loss and Children’s Educational Attainment in Black and White Middle-Class Families (10-06)
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Ariel Kalil, University of Chicago and Patrick Wightman, University of Michigan
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            [abstract] => Objectives. We aim to understand why blacks are significantly less likely than whites to perpetuate their middle class status across generations. To do so, we focus on the potentially different associations between parental job loss and youth’s education al attainment in black and white middle class families.

Methods. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), following those children "born" into the survey between 1968 and 1979 and followed through age 21. We conduct multivariate regression analyses to test the association between parental job loss during childhood and youth’s educational attainment by age 21.

Results. We find that parental job loss is associated with a lesser likelihood of obtaining any post-secondary education for all offspring, but that the association for blacks is almost three times as strong. A substantial share of the differential impact of job loss on black and white middle class youth is explained by race differences in household wealth, long-run measures of family income, and, especially, parental experience of long-term unemployment.

Conclusions. These findings highlight the fragile economic foundation of the black middle-class and suggest that intergenerational persistence of class status in this population may be highly dependent on the avoidance of common economic shocks. 
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            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
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            [date_added] => 2010-04-28
            [number] => 4
            [title] => Improving Education and Employment for Disadvantaged Young Men: Proven and Promising Strategies
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Carolyn J. Heinrich, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University
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            [abstract] => Low high school graduation rates and sharply declining employment rates among disadvantaged youth have led to increasing numbers of youth who are disconnected from both school and work. What programs and policies might prevent these disconnections and improve educational and employment outcomes, particularly among young men? We review the evidence base on youth development policies for adolescents and young teens; programs seeking to improve educational attainment and employment for in-school youth; and programs that try to “reconnect” those who are out of school and frequently out of work, including public employment programs.  We identify a number of programmatic strategies that are promising or even proven, based on rigorous evaluations, for disadvantaged youth with different circumstances, and conclude that policy efforts need to promote a range of approaches to engage and reconnect youth, along with ongoing evaluation efforts to improve our understanding of what works, including which program components, for whom.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-09-17 09:46:02
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
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            [publication_id] => 182
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            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2009-08-17
            [number] => 12
            [title] => Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Sheldon Danziger and David Ratner, University of Michigan
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            [abstract] => This paper focuses on the labor market outcomes that represent a key marker of the transition to adulthood—the attainment of economic stability and self-sufficiency.  Achieving labor market success is a necessary condition for a successful transition to adulthood, even it is not sufficient to guarantee success in achieving other markers of adulthood discussed elsewhere in this volume.  We document the divergent labor market experiences of young adult males and females over the past 30 years and the widening gap in labor market outcomes between less educated and more educated young adults.  For young men, in particular those without a high school degree, it is now more difficult to earn enough to support a family than it was in the mid-1970s.  Young women have achieved remarkable gains in earnings, employment and educational attainment since the mid-1970s.  However, young women without a college degree, like their male counterparts, have had great difficulty achieving economic stability success. 

Policies to improve the labor market prospects of young adults are necessary to facilitate successful transitions to adulthood, even if labor market success, on its own, is not sufficient to achieve the other markers of adulthood (living independently, marrying and having children).  There are numerous public policy reforms that can raise the employment and incomes of today’s young adults and increase the educational attainment, and hence the labor market success, of the next generation.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2010-08-04 09:13:05
            [last_modified_by] => amineb
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper09-12.pdf
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                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper09-12.pdf'. 
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            [publication_id] => 135
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2007-09-05
            [number] => 23
            [title] => Incarceration and the Transition to Adulthood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Gary Sweeten and Robert Apel.
            [co_authors] => 
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            [abstract] => Existing research establishes a lengthy list of adverse outcomes of incarceration that includes an elevated risk of criminal offending as well as unfavorable outcomes in the labor market, the institution of education, and the marriage market. These findings are consistent enough that it is tempting to attribute them to the causal effect of incarceration, particularly to the social stigma that attaches to individuals with a prison record. In light of the recent visibility of
this research and the importance of public policies that flow logically from it, we revisit the impact of juvenile (ages 16-17) and young adult (18-19) incarceration on short- and medium-term outcomes in a variety of domains. This paper is directly concerned with the problem of causal identification. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to estimate difference-indifferences models as well as propensity score matching. The empirical results suggest that there
is evidence of causal effects for some types of outcomes. For example, while we find that incarceration reduces the probability of formal employment, we find no adverse effect on wages among those who are employed. We find that the most consistent negative outcomes attributable to the experience of incarceration are related to educational attainment.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:32
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-23.pdf
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            [number] => 01
            [title] => Maternal Work Hours and Adolescents’ School Outcomes Among Low-Income Families in Four Urban Counties.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Lisa A. Gennetian, MDRC, and Leonard M. Lopoo, Syracuse University, and Andrew S. London, Syracuse University.
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            [abstract] => We examine how changes in maternal work hours affect adolescent children’s school participation and performance outcomes using data from interviews in 1998 and 2001 with 1,700 women who in May 1995 were welfare-reliant, single mothers of adolescents living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in four urban counties. We find unfavorable effects of maternal work hours on several aspects of adolescents’ schooling: Full-time maternal employment (31 hours or more per week) increases the likelihood of skipping school, decreases school performance, and increases the likelihood of parent contact by a school about behavior problems.
Sons seem to be particularly sensitive to changes in mothers’ average hours of work, with notable increases in incidences of being late for school and declines in school performance when mothers work more hours. These findings hold up controlling for a rich array of mothers’ characteristics, including their  psychological and physical health and experiences with domestic violence and substance abuse, as well as unobserved time-invariant characteristics of the adolescent.
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            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 14:02:33
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-01.pdf
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                        )

                )

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                            [id] => 36
                            [keyword] => Educational Attainment
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            [date_added] => 2006-09-12
            [number] => 32
            [title] => Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Carolyn J. Hill, Georgetown University and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University.
            [co_authors] => 
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            [link] => Array
                (
                )

            [abstract] => This paper analyzes labor market behaviors for young adults, their changing patterns for cohorts that are twenty years apart, and their associations with transitions to adulthood as measured by living with parents, being married, or cohabiting.  We analyze these issues using data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), specifically focusing on young people ages 20-22 in 1984 and 2002. Consistent with data from other sources, we find that youth in the later cohort tend to live at home or cohabit with greater frequency, but to marry less frequently, than those in the earlier cohort. These findings can be observed among youth in all education/enrollments groups and all race/gender groups. Regression analyses show evidence of some link between contemporaneous labor market outcomes and living arrangements, but these effects are too small to account for changes over time in these behaviors. We also find some relationships between academic and labor market outcomes as well as risky behaviors of youth during high school, on the one hand; and later labor market outcomes and living arrangements, on the other. These suggest the presence of unmeasured characteristics (like independence, maturity and the like) that help to account for differences across individuals in their living arrangements as young adults.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:43:13
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [document_url] => http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper06-32.pdf
                            [document_type] => pdf document
                            [document_link_text] => Download 'working_paper06-32.pdf'. 
                        )

                )

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                (
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                            [id] => 38
                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
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                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
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            [publication_id] => 48
            [active] => 1
            [creator_uniqname] => 
            [date_added] => 2005-10-05
            [number] => 22
            [title] => The Changing Pattern of Wage Growth for Low Skilled Workers.
            [homepage] => 
            [authors] => Eric French, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Christopher Taber, Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University.
            [co_authors] => 
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                (
                    [0] => <A HREF="http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper05/paper22/Taber_et_al_complete.pdf">Download paper here.</A>

                )

            [abstract] => One of the fundamental facts in labor economics is that, on average, wages tend to rise rapidly early in a worker's career. Since wage growth during the early stages of the lifecycle provides a potential pathway out of poverty, it is important to understand what causes this wage progression and how it is affected by changes in the overall economy. In this chapter, we focus on the key components that determine an individual's early career wage growth and how these factors have changed for less skilled workers over the last twenty years. In particular, we examine the relative importance of accumulating work experience as compared to the quality of job matches in influencing wage growth over this time period.
            [publication_type] => working paper
            [last_modified] => 2009-08-12 13:19:27
            [last_modified_by] => mattlach
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                            [keyword] => Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Market
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                            [keyword] => Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood
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<h4 align="left" >NPC Working Papers</h4>		</div>  


			<h2 style='display:inline' >Displaying publications matching keyword: 

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Young Adults and the Transition to Adulthood</h2> [<a href="/publications/working_papers">remove filter</a>]
		 
		 
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<a name='publication1' id='publication1'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=239&'>Familial Financial Assistance to Young Adults</a> Patrick Wightman and Robert Schoeni, University of Michigan and Keith Robinson, University of Texas at Austin (2012-10) </p>

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<a name='publication2' id='publication2'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=224&'>Re-examining the Impact of Dropping out on Criminal and Labor Outcomes in Early Adulthood</a> David Bjerk, Claremont McKenna College (2011-27) </p>

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<a name='publication3' id='publication3'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=192&'>Parental Job Loss and Children’s Educational Attainment in Black and White Middle-Class Families (10-06)</a> Ariel Kalil, University of Chicago and Patrick Wightman, University of Michigan (2010-6) </p>

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<a name='publication4' id='publication4'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=190&'>Improving Education and Employment for Disadvantaged Young Men: Proven and Promising Strategies</a> Carolyn J. Heinrich, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University (2010-4) </p>

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<a name='publication5' id='publication5'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=182&'>Labor Market Outcomes and the Transition to Adulthood</a> Sheldon Danziger and David Ratner, University of Michigan (2009-12) </p>

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<a name='publication6' id='publication6'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=135&'>Incarceration and the Transition to Adulthood.</a> Gary Sweeten and Robert Apel. (2007-23) </p>

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<a name='publication7' id='publication7'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=113&'>Maternal Work Hours and Adolescents’ School Outcomes Among Low-Income Families in Four Urban Counties.</a> Lisa A. Gennetian, MDRC, and Leonard M. Lopoo, Syracuse University, and Andrew S. London, Syracuse University. (2007-01) </p>

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<a name='publication8' id='publication8'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=96&'>Labor Market Experiences and Transitions to Adulthood.</a> Carolyn J. Hill, Georgetown University and Harry J. Holzer, Georgetown University. (2006-32) </p>

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<a name='publication9' id='publication9'></a> <p><a href='/publications/working_papers?publication_id=48&'>The Changing Pattern of Wage Growth for Low Skilled Workers.</a> Eric French, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago; Christopher Taber, Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University. (2005-22) </p>	
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